When user goes through LB the server page has stripped information

I had faced a similar issue in the past. At that time, developer tool helped to fix it. In my case, there were multiple requests going at backend to different destinations/urls to load all the required tabs. Few of the requests going from F5 to those destinations were not through which was causing the issue. You can review it as suggested in earlier posts.

The 2nd suggestion also looks good to test. At times, with single server everything works but creates a problem when multiple servers are available. In some cases, persistence is required to handle request appropriately when multiple pool members are active.

Looking forward to your response to understand root cause in your case.