Moving HTTP Load Balancers Between F5 Distributed Cloud Namespaces — Why It's Harder Than You Think
The Problem If you have been working with F5 Distributed Cloud (XC) for a while, you have probably run into this: your namespace structure no longer reflects how your teams or applications are organized. Maybe the initial layout was a quick decision during onboarding. Maybe teams have merged, projects have grown, or your naming convention has evolved. Either way, you now want to move a handful of HTTP load balancers from one namespace to another. Simple enough, right? Just change the namespace field and save... Except you can't. There is no "move" operation on F5 XC - not in the UI, not in the API. Changing the namespace of a load balancer means deleting it in the source and re-creating it in the target. And that is where things get complicated. Why a Simple Delete-and-Recreate Is Not Enough On the surface, the API is straightforward: "GET" the config, "DELETE" the object, "POST" it into the new namespace. But a production HTTP load balancer on XC is rarely a standalone object. It sits at the top of a dependency tree that can include origin pools, health checks, TLS certificates, service policies, app firewalls, rate limiters, and more. Every one of those dependencies needs to be handled correctly - or the migration breaks. Here are the main challenges we might run into. Referential Integrity F5 XC enforces strict referential integrity. You cannot delete an origin pool that is still referenced by a load balancer. You cannot create a load balancer that references an origin pool that does not exist yet. This means the order of operations matters: delete top-down (LBs first, then dependencies), create bottom-up (dependencies first, then LBs). It also means that if two load balancers share an origin pool, you cannot move them independently. Delete the first LB, try to delete the shared pool, and the API returns a 409 Conflict because the second LB still references it. Both LBs - and all of their shared dependencies - have to be moved together as a single atomic unit. New CNAMEs After Every Move When you delete and re-create an HTTP load balancer, F5 XC assigns a new "host_name" (the CNAME target that your DNS records point to). If the LB uses Let's Encrypt auto-certificates, the ACME challenge CNAME changes too. That means after every move, someone needs to update external DNS records - and until that happens, the application is unreachable or the TLS certificate renewal fails. For tenants using XC-managed DNS zones with "Allow Application Loadbalancer Managed Records" enabled, this is handled automatically. But many customers manage their own DNS, and they need the old and new CNAME values for every moved LB. Certificates with Non-Portable Private Keys This one is subtle. When a load balancer uses a manually imported TLS certificate, the private key is stored in one of several formats: blindfolded (encrypted with the Volterra blindfold key) or clear secret. In both of these cases, the XC API never returns the private key material in its GET response. You get the certificate and metadata, but not the key. That means you cannot extract-and-recreate the certificate in a new namespace via the API. Cross-namespace certificate references (outside of "shared" namespace) are also not supported. So if an LB in namespace A uses a manually imported certificate stored in namespace A, and you want to move that LB to namespace B, you need to first manually upload the same certificate into namespace B (or into the "shared" namespace) before the migration can proceed. API Metadata The XC API returns a "referring_objects" field on every config GET response. In theory, this tells you what other objects reference a given resource - exactly what you need to know before deleting something. In practice, this field can be empty even when active references exist. The only reliable way to detect all external references is to actively scan: fetch the config of every load balancer in the namespace and check their specs for references to the objects you are about to move. Cross-Namespace References Are Not Allowed On F5 XC, an HTTP load balancer can only reference objects in its own namespace, in "system" or "shared" namespace. If your origin pool lives in namespace A and you move the LB to namespace B, the origin pool must either come along to namespace B or already exist there. There is no way to have the LB in namespace B point to a pool in namespace A. This means you need to discover the complete transitive dependency tree of every LB, determine which dependencies need to move, detect which are shared between multiple LBs, and batch everything accordingly. The Tool: XC Namespace migration To deal with all of this, (A)I built **xc-ns-mover** — a Python CLI tool that automates the entire process. It has two components: Scanner - scans all namespaces on your tenant, lists every HTTP load balancer, and writes a CSV report. This gives you the inventory to decide what to move. Mover - takes a CSV of load balancers, discovers all dependencies, groups LBs that share dependencies into atomic batches, runs a series of pre-flight checks, and then executes the migration - or generates a dry-run report so you can review everything first, or do the job manually (JSON Code blocks available in the report) What the Mover Does Before Touching Anything The mover runs six pre-flight phases before making any changes: Discovery and batching - fetches every LB config, walks the dependency tree, and uses a union-find algorithm to cluster LBs with shared dependencies into batches. External reference scan - for every dependency being moved, checks whether any LB outside the move list references it. If so, that dependency cannot be moved without breaking the external LB, and the batch is blocked. Conflict detection - lists all existing objects in the target namespace. If a name already exists, the user can skip the object or rename it with a configurable prefix (e.g., "migrated-my-pool"). All internal JSON references are updated automatically. Certificate pre-flight - identifies certificates with non-portable private keys, then searches the target and "shared" namespaces for a matching certificate by domain/SAN comparison (including wildcard matching per RFC 6125). If a match is found, the LB's certificate reference is automatically rewritten. If not, the batch is blocked until the certificate is manually created. DNS zone pre-flight - queries the tenant's DNS zones to detect which ones have managed LB records enabled. LBs under managed zones are flagged as "auto-managed" in the report — no manual DNS update needed. After all checks pass, the actual migration follows a strict order per batch: backup everything, delete top-down, create bottom-up, verify new CNAMEs. If anything fails, automatic rollback kicks in — objects created in the target are deleted, objects deleted from the source are restored from backups. The Reports Every run produces an HTML report. The dry-run report shows planned configurations, the full dependency graph , certificate issues, DNS changes required, and any blocking issues — all before a single API call mutates anything. The post-migration report includes old and new CNAME values, a DNS changes table with exactly which records need updating, and full configuration backups of everything that was touched. Things to Keep in Mind A few caveats that are worth highlighting: Brief interruption is unavoidable - The migration deletes and re-creates load balancers. During that window (typically seconds to a few minutes per batch), traffic to affected domains will be impacted. Plan a change window. Only HTTP load balancers are supported - TCP load balancers and other object types are not handled by this tool. DNS updates are your responsibility - The report gives you all the values - old CNAME, new CNAME, ACME challenge CNAME - but you need to update your DNS provider. Always run the dry-run first - The tool enforces this by default: it stores a fingerprint after a dry-run and verifies it before executing. If the config changes, a new dry-run is required. The project is open source and available on GitHub. This is privately maintained and not "officially supported": https://github.com/de1chk1nd/resources-and-tools/blob/main/tools/xc-ns-mover/README.md If you find bugs or have feature requests, please open a GitHub issue.F5 Container Ingress Services (CIS) deployment using Cilium CNI and static routes
F5 Container Ingress Services (CIS) supports static route configuration to enable direct routing from F5 BIG-IP to Kubernetes/OpenShift Pods as an alternative to VXLAN tunnels. Static routes are enabled in the F5 CIS CLI/Helm yaml manifest using the argument --static-routing-mode=true. In this article, we will use Cilium as the Container Network Interface (CNI) and configure static routes for an NGINX deployment For initial configuration of the BIG-IP, including AS3 installation, please see https://clouddocs.f5.com/products/extensions/f5-appsvcs-extension/latest/userguide/installation.html and https://clouddocs.f5.com/containers/latest/userguide/kubernetes/#cis-installation The first step is to install Cilium CNI using the steps below on Linux host: CILIUM_CLI_VERSION=$(curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cilium/cilium-cli/main/stable.txt) CLI_ARCH=amd64 if [ "$(uname -m)" = "aarch64" ]; then CLI_ARCH=arm64; fi curl -L --fail --remote-name-all https://github.com/cilium/cilium-cli/releases/download/${CILIUM_CLI_VERSION}/cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz{,.sha256sum} sha256sum --check cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz.sha256sum sudo tar xzvfC cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz /usr/local/bin rm cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz{,.sha256sum} cilium install --version 1.18.5 cilium status cilium status --wait root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# cilium status --wait /¯¯\ /¯¯\__/¯¯\ Cilium: OK \__/¯¯\__/ Operator: OK /¯¯\__/¯¯\ Envoy DaemonSet: OK \__/¯¯\__/ Hubble Relay: disabled \__/ ClusterMesh: disabled DaemonSet cilium Desired: 1, Ready: 1/1, Available: 1/1 DaemonSet cilium-envoy Desired: 1, Ready: 1/1, Available: 1/1 Deployment cilium-operator Desired: 1, Ready: 1/1, Available: 1/1 Containers: cilium Running: 1 cilium-envoy Running: 1 cilium-operator Running: 1 clustermesh-apiserver hubble-relay Cluster Pods: 6/6 managed by Cilium Helm chart version: 1.18.3 Image versions cilium quay.io/cilium/cilium:v1.18.3@sha256:5649db451c88d928ea585514746d50d91e6210801b300c897283ea319d68de15: 1 cilium-envoy quay.io/cilium/cilium-envoy:v1.34.10-1761014632-c360e8557eb41011dfb5210f8fb53fed6c0b3222@sha256:ca76eb4e9812d114c7f43215a742c00b8bf41200992af0d21b5561d46156fd15: 1 cilium-operator quay.io/cilium/operator-generic:v1.18.3@sha256:b5a0138e1a38e4437c5215257ff4e35373619501f4877dbaf92c89ecfad81797: 1 cilium connectivity test root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# cilium connectivity test ℹ️ Monitor aggregation detected, will skip some flow validation steps ✨ [default] Creating namespace cilium-test-1 for connectivity check... ✨ [default] Deploying echo-same-node service... ✨ [default] Deploying DNS test server configmap... ✨ [default] Deploying same-node deployment... ✨ [default] Deploying client deployment... ✨ [default] Deploying client2 deployment... ✨ [default] Deploying ccnp deployment... ⌛ [default] Waiting for deployment cilium-test-1/client to become ready... ⌛ [default] Waiting for deployment cilium-test-1/client2 to become ready... ⌛ [default] Waiting for deployment cilium-test-1/echo-same-node to become ready... ⌛ [default] Waiting for deployment cilium-test-ccnp1/client-ccnp to become ready... ⌛ [default] Waiting for deployment cilium-test-ccnp2/client-ccnp to become ready... ⌛ [default] Waiting for pod cilium-test-1/client-645b68dcf7-s5mdb to reach DNS server on cilium-test-1/echo-same-node-f5b8d454c-qkgq9 pod... ⌛ [default] Waiting for pod cilium-test-1/client2-66475877c6-cw7f5 to reach DNS server on cilium-test-1/echo-same-node-f5b8d454c-qkgq9 pod... ⌛ [default] Waiting for pod cilium-test-1/client-645b68dcf7-s5mdb to reach default/kubernetes service... ⌛ [default] Waiting for pod cilium-test-1/client2-66475877c6-cw7f5 to reach default/kubernetes service... ⌛ [default] Waiting for Service cilium-test-1/echo-same-node to become ready... ⌛ [default] Waiting for Service cilium-test-1/echo-same-node to be synchronized by Cilium pod kube-system/cilium-lxjxf ⌛ [default] Waiting for NodePort 10.69.12.2:32046 (cilium-test-1/echo-same-node) to become ready... 🔭 Enabling Hubble telescope... ⚠️ Unable to contact Hubble Relay, disabling Hubble telescope and flow validation: rpc error: code = Unavailable desc = connection error: desc = "transport: Error while dialing: dial tcp 127.0.0.1:4245: connect: connection refused" ℹ️ Expose Relay locally with: cilium hubble enable cilium hubble port-forward& ℹ️ Cilium version: 1.18.3 🏃[cilium-test-1] Running 126 tests ... [=] [cilium-test-1] Test [no-policies] [1/126] .................... [=] [cilium-test-1] Skipping test [no-policies-from-outside] [2/126] (skipped by condition) [=] [cilium-test-1] Test [no-policies-extra] [3/126] <- snip -> For this article, we will install k3s with Cilium CNI root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | sh -s - --flannel-backend=none --disable-kube-proxy --disable servicelb --disable-network-policy --disable traefik --cluster-init --node-ip=10.69.12.2 --cluster-cidr=10.42.0.0/16 root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# mkdir -p $HOME/.kube root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# sudo cp -i /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml $HOME/.kube/config root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# echo "export KUBECONFIG=$HOME/.kube/config" >> $HOME/.bashrc root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# source $HOME/.bashrc API_SERVER_IP=10.69.12.2 API_SERVER_PORT=6443 CLUSTER_ID=1 CLUSTER_NAME=`hostname` POD_CIDR="10.42.0.0/16" root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# cilium install --set cluster.id=${CLUSTER_ID} --set cluster.name=${CLUSTER_NAME} --set k8sServiceHost=${API_SERVER_IP} --set k8sServicePort=${API_SERVER_PORT} --set ipam.operator.clusterPoolIPv4PodCIDRList=$POD_CIDR --set kubeProxyReplacement=true --helm-set=operator.replicas=1 root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# cilium config view | grep cluster bpf-lb-external-clusterip false cluster-id 1 cluster-name ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server cluster-pool-ipv4-cidr 10.42.0.0/16 cluster-pool-ipv4-mask-size 24 clustermesh-enable-endpoint-sync false clustermesh-enable-mcs-api false ipam cluster-pool max-connected-clusters 255 policy-default-local-cluster false root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# cilium status --wait The F5 CIS yaml manifest for deployment using Helm Note that these arguments are required for CIS to leverage static routes static-routing-mode: true orchestration-cni: cilium-k8s We will also be installing custom resources, so this argument is also required 3. custom-resource-mode: true Values yaml manifest for Helm deployment bigip_login_secret: f5-bigip-ctlr-login bigip_secret: create: false username: password: rbac: create: true serviceAccount: # Specifies whether a service account should be created create: true # The name of the service account to use. # If not set and create is true, a name is generated using the fullname template name: k8s-bigip-ctlr # This namespace is where the Controller lives; namespace: kube-system ingressClass: create: true ingressClassName: f5 isDefaultIngressController: true args: # See https://clouddocs.f5.com/containers/latest/userguide/config-parameters.html # NOTE: helm has difficulty with values using `-`; `_` are used for naming # and are replaced with `-` during rendering. # REQUIRED Params bigip_url: X.X.X.S bigip_partition: <BIG-IP_PARTITION> # OPTIONAL PARAMS -- uncomment and provide values for those you wish to use. static-routing-mode: true orchestration-cni: cilium-k8s # verify_interval: # node-poll_interval: # log_level: DEBUG # python_basedir: ~ # VXLAN # openshift_sdn_name: # flannel_name: cilium-vxlan # KUBERNETES # default_ingress_ip: # kubeconfig: # namespaces: ["foo", "bar"] # namespace_label: # node_label_selector: pool_member_type: cluster # resolve_ingress_names: # running_in_cluster: # use_node_internal: # use_secrets: insecure: true custom-resource-mode: true log-as3-response: true as3-validation: true # gtm-bigip-password # gtm-bigip-url # gtm-bigip-username # ipam : true image: # Use the tag to target a specific version of the Controller user: f5networks repo: k8s-bigip-ctlr pullPolicy: Always version: latest # affinity: # nodeAffinity: # requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: # nodeSelectorTerms: # - matchExpressions: # - key: kubernetes.io/arch # operator: Exists # securityContext: # runAsUser: 1000 # runAsGroup: 3000 # fsGroup: 2000 # If you want to specify resources, uncomment the following # limits_cpu: 100m # limits_memory: 512Mi # requests_cpu: 100m # requests_memory: 512Mi # Set podSecurityContext for Pod Security Admission and Pod Security Standards # podSecurityContext: # runAsUser: 1000 # runAsGroup: 1000 # privileged: true Installation steps for deploying F5 CIS using helm can be found in this link https://clouddocs.f5.com/containers/latest/userguide/kubernetes/ Once F5 CIS is validated to be up and running, we can now deploy the following application example root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# cat application.yaml apiVersion: cis.f5.com/v1 kind: VirtualServer metadata: labels: f5cr: "true" name: goblin-virtual-server namespace: nsgoblin spec: host: goblin.com pools: - path: /green service: svc-nodeport servicePort: 80 - path: /harry service: svc-nodeport servicePort: 80 virtualServerAddress: X.X.X.X --- apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: goblin-backend namespace: nsgoblin spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: goblin-backend template: metadata: labels: app: goblin-backend spec: containers: - name: goblin-backend image: nginx:latest ports: - containerPort: 80 --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: svc-nodeport namespace: nsgoblin spec: selector: app: goblin-backend ports: - port: 80 targetPort: 80 type: ClusterIP k apply -f application.yaml We can now verify the k8s pods are created. Then we will create a sample html page to test access to the backend NGINX pod root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# k -n nsgoblin get po -owide NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES goblin-backend-7485b6dcdf-d5t48 1/1 Running 0 6d2h 10.42.0.70 ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server <none> <none> goblin-backend-7485b6dcdf-pt7hx 1/1 Running 0 6d2h 10.42.0.97 ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server <none> <none> root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# k -n nsgoblin exec -it po/goblin-backend-7485b6dcdf-pt7hx -- /bin/sh # cat > green <<'EOF' <!DOCTYPE html> > > <html> > <head> <title>Green Goblin</title> <style> body { background-color: #4CAF50; color: white; text-align: center; padding: 50px; } h1 { font-size: 3em; } > > > > > </style> </head> <body> <h1>I am the green goblin!</h1> <p>Access me at /green</p> </body> </html> > > > > > > > EOF root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# k -n nsgoblin exec -it goblin-backend-7485b6dcdf-d5t48 -- /bin/sh # cat > green <<'EOF' > <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Green Goblin</title> <style> body { background-color: #4CAF50; color: white; text-align: center; padding: 50px; } h1 { font-size: 3em; } </style> > </head> <body> <h1>I am the green goblin!</h1> <p>Access me at /green</p> </body> </html> EOF> > > > > > > > > > > > > We can now validate the pools are created on the F5 BIG-IP root@(ciliumk8s-bigip)(cfg-sync Standalone)(Active)(/kubernetes/Shared)(tmos)# list ltm pool all ltm pool svc_nodeport_80_nsgoblin_goblin_com_green { description "crd_10_69_12_40_80 loadbalances this pool" members { /kubernetes/10.42.0.70:http { address 10.42.0.70 } /kubernetes/10.42.0.97:http { address 10.42.0.97 } } min-active-members 1 partition kubernetes } ltm pool svc_nodeport_80_nsgoblin_goblin_com_harry { description "crd_10_69_12_40_80 loadbalances this pool" members { /kubernetes/10.42.0.70:http { address 10.42.0.70 } /kubernetes/10.42.0.97:http { address 10.42.0.97 } } min-active-members 1 partition kubernetes } root@(ciliumk8s-bigip)(cfg-sync Standalone)(Active)(/kubernetes/Shared)(tmos)# list ltm virtual crd_10_69_12_40_80 ltm virtual crd_10_69_12_40_80 { creation-time 2025-12-22:10:10:37 description Shared destination /kubernetes/10.69.12.40:http ip-protocol tcp last-modified-time 2025-12-22:10:10:37 mask 255.255.255.255 partition kubernetes persist { /Common/cookie { default yes } } policies { crd_10_69_12_40_80_goblin_com_policy { } } profiles { /Common/f5-tcp-progressive { } /Common/http { } } serverssl-use-sni disabled source 0.0.0.0/0 source-address-translation { type automap } translate-address enabled translate-port enabled vs-index 2 } CIS log output 2025/12/22 18:10:25 [INFO] [Request: 1] cluster local requested CREATE in VIRTUALSERVER nsgoblin/goblin-virtual-server 2025/12/22 18:10:25 [INFO] [Request: 1][AS3] creating a new AS3 manifest 2025/12/22 18:10:25 [INFO] [Request: 1][AS3][BigIP] posting request to https://10.69.12.1 for tenants 2025/12/22 18:10:26 [INFO] [Request: 2] cluster local requested UPDATE in ENDPOINTS nsgoblin/svc-nodeport 2025/12/22 18:10:26 [INFO] [Request: 3] cluster local requested UPDATE in ENDPOINTS nsgoblin/svc-nodeport 2025/12/22 18:10:43 [INFO] [Request: 1][AS3][BigIP] post resulted in SUCCESS 2025/12/22 18:10:43 [INFO] [AS3][POST] SUCCESS: code: 200 --- tenant:kubernetes --- message: success 2025/12/22 18:10:43 [INFO] [Request: 3][AS3] Processing request 2025/12/22 18:10:43 [INFO] [Request: 3][AS3] creating a new AS3 manifest 2025/12/22 18:10:43 [INFO] [Request: 3][AS3][BigIP] posting request to https://10.69.12.1 for tenants 2025/12/22 18:10:43 [INFO] Successfully updated status of VirtualServer:nsgoblin/goblin-virtual-server in Cluster W1222 18:10:49.238444 1 warnings.go:70] v1 Endpoints is deprecated in v1.33+; use discovery.k8s.io/v1 EndpointSlice 2025/12/22 18:10:52 [INFO] [Request: 3][AS3][BigIP] post resulted in SUCCESS 2025/12/22 18:10:52 [INFO] [AS3][POST] SUCCESS: code: 200 --- tenant:kubernetes --- message: success 2025/12/22 18:10:52 [INFO] Successfully updated status of VirtualServer:nsgoblin/goblin-virtual-server in Cluster Troubleshooting: 1. If static routes are not added, the first step is to inspect CIS logs for entries similar to these: Cilium annotation warning logs 2025/12/22 17:44:45 [WARNING] Cilium node podCIDR annotation not found on node ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server, node has spec.podCIDR ? 2025/12/22 17:46:41 [WARNING] Cilium node podCIDR annotation not found on node ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server, node has spec.podCIDR ? 2025/12/22 17:46:42 [WARNING] Cilium node podCIDR annotation not found on node ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server, node has spec.podCIDR ? 2025/12/22 17:46:43 [WARNING] Cilium node podCIDR annotation not found on node ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server, node has spec.podCIDR ? 2. These are resolved by adding annotations to the node using the reference: https://clouddocs.f5.com/containers/latest/userguide/static-route-support.html Cilium annotation for node root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# k annotate node ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server io.cilium.network.ipv4-pod-cidr=10.42.0.0/16 root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# k describe node | grep -E "Annotations:|PodCIDR:|^\s+.*pod-cidr" Annotations: alpha.kubernetes.io/provided-node-ip: 10.69.12.2 io.cilium.network.ipv4-pod-cidr: 10.42.0.0/16 PodCIDR: 10.42.0.0/24 3. Verify a static route has been created and test connectivity to k8s pods root@(ciliumk8s-bigip)(cfg-sync Standalone)(Active)(/kubernetes)(tmos)# list net route net route k8s-ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server-10.69.12.2 { description 10.69.12.1 gw 10.69.12.2 network 10.42.0.0/16 partition kubernetes } Using pup (command line HTML parser) -> https://commandmasters.com/commands/pup-common/ root@ciliumk8s-ubuntu-server:~# curl -s http://goblin.com/green | pup 'body text{}' I am the green goblin! Access me at /green 1 0.000000 10.69.12.34 ? 10.69.12.40 TCP 78 34294 ? 80 [SYN] Seq=0 Win=64240 Len=0 MSS=1460 SACK_PERM TSval=2984295232 TSecr=0 WS=128 2 0.000045 10.69.12.40 ? 10.69.12.34 TCP 78 80 ? 34294 [SYN, ACK] Seq=0 Ack=1 Win=23360 Len=0 MSS=1460 WS=512 SACK_PERM TSval=1809316303 TSecr=2984295232 3 0.001134 10.69.12.34 ? 10.69.12.40 TCP 70 34294 ? 80 [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=1 Win=64256 Len=0 TSval=2984295234 TSecr=1809316303 4 0.001151 10.69.12.34 ? 10.69.12.40 HTTP 149 GET /green HTTP/1.1 5 0.001343 10.69.12.40 ? 10.69.12.34 TCP 70 80 ? 34294 [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=80 Win=23040 Len=0 TSval=1809316304 TSecr=2984295234 6 0.002497 10.69.12.1 ? 10.42.0.97 TCP 78 33707 ? 80 [SYN] Seq=0 Win=23360 Len=0 MSS=1460 WS=512 SACK_PERM TSval=1809316304 TSecr=0 7 0.003614 10.42.0.97 ? 10.69.12.1 TCP 78 80 ? 33707 [SYN, ACK] Seq=0 Ack=1 Win=64308 Len=0 MSS=1410 SACK_PERM TSval=1012609408 TSecr=1809316304 WS=128 8 0.003636 10.69.12.1 ? 10.42.0.97 TCP 70 33707 ? 80 [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=1 Win=23040 Len=0 TSval=1809316307 TSecr=1012609408 9 0.003680 10.69.12.1 ? 10.42.0.97 HTTP 149 GET /green HTTP/1.1 10 0.004774 10.42.0.97 ? 10.69.12.1 TCP 70 80 ? 33707 [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=80 Win=64256 Len=0 TSval=1012609409 TSecr=1809316307 11 0.004790 10.42.0.97 ? 10.69.12.1 TCP 323 HTTP/1.1 200 OK [TCP segment of a reassembled PDU] 12 0.004796 10.42.0.97 ? 10.69.12.1 HTTP 384 HTTP/1.1 200 OK 13 0.004820 10.69.12.40 ? 10.69.12.34 TCP 448 HTTP/1.1 200 OK [TCP segment of a reassembled PDU] 14 0.004838 10.69.12.1 ? 10.42.0.97 TCP 70 33707 ? 80 [ACK] Seq=80 Ack=254 Win=23552 Len=0 TSval=1809316308 TSecr=1012609410 15 0.004854 10.69.12.40 ? 10.69.12.34 HTTP 384 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Summary: There we have it, we have successfully deployed an NGINX application on a Kubernetes cluster managed by F5 CIS using static routes to forward traffic to the kubernetes podsHow to get a F5 BIG-IP VE Developer Lab License
(applies to BIG-IP TMOS Edition) To assist operational teams teams improve their development for the BIG-IP platform, F5 offers a low cost developer lab license. This license can be purchased from your authorized F5 vendor. If you do not have an F5 vendor, and you are in either Canada or the US you can purchase a lab license online: CDW BIG-IP Virtual Edition Lab License CDW Canada BIG-IP Virtual Edition Lab License Once completed, the order is sent to F5 for fulfillment and your license will be delivered shortly after via e-mail. F5 is investigating ways to improve this process. To download the BIG-IP Virtual Edition, log into my.f5.com (separate login from DevCentral), navigate down to the Downloads card under the Support Resources section of the page. Select BIG-IP from the product group family and then the current version of BIG-IP. You will be presented with a list of options, at the bottom, select the Virtual-Edition option that has the following descriptions: For VMware Fusion or Workstation or ESX/i: Image fileset for VMware ESX/i Server For Microsoft HyperV: Image fileset for Microsoft Hyper-V KVM RHEL/CentoOS: Image file set for KVM Red Hat Enterprise Linux/CentOS Note: There are also 1 Slot versions of the above images where a 2nd boot partition is not needed for in-place upgrades. These images include _1SLOT- to the image name instead of ALL. The below guides will help get you started with F5 BIG-IP Virtual Edition to develop for VMWare Fusion, AWS, Azure, VMware, or Microsoft Hyper-V. These guides follow standard practices for installing in production environments and performance recommendations change based on lower use/non-critical needs for development or lab environments. Similar to driving a tank, use your best judgement. Deploying F5 BIG-IP Virtual Edition on VMware Fusion Deploying F5 BIG-IP in Microsoft Azure for Developers Deploying F5 BIG-IP in AWS for Developers Deploying F5 BIG-IP in Windows Server Hyper-V for Developers Deploying F5 BIG-IP in VMware vCloud Director and ESX for Developers Note: F5 Support maintains authoritative Azure, AWS, Hyper-V, and ESX/vCloud installation documentation. VMware Fusion is not an official F5-supported hypervisor so DevCentral publishes the Fusion guide with the help of our Field Systems Engineering teams.F5 rSeries: Next-Generation Fully Automatable Hardware
What is rSeries? F5 rSeries is a rearchitected, next-generation hardware platform that scales application delivery performance and automates application services to address many of today’s most critical business challenges. F5 rSeries is a key component of the F5 Application Delivery and Security Platform (ADSP). rSeries relies on a Kubernetes-based platform layer (F5OS) that is tightly integrated with F5 TMOS software. Going to a microservice-based platform layer allows rSeries to provide additional functionality that was not possible in previous generations of F5 BIG-IP platforms. Customers do not need to learn Kubernetes but still get the benefits of it. Management of the hardware will still be done via a familiar F5 CLI, webUI or API. The additional benefit of automation capabilities can greatly simplify the process of deploying F5 products. A significant amount of time and resources are saved due to automation, which translates to more time to perform critical tasks. F5OS rSeries UI Demo Video Why is this important? Get more done in less time by using a highly automatable hardware platform that can deploy software solutions in seconds, not minutes or hours. Increased performance improves ROI: The rSeries platform is a high performance and highly scalable appliance with improved processing power. Running multiple versions on the same platform allows for more flexibility than previously possible. Pay-as-you-Grow licensing options that unlock more CPU resources. Key rSeries Use-Cases NetOps Automation Shorten time to market by automating network operations and offering cloud like orchestration with full stack programmability Drive app development and delivery with self-service and faster response time Business Continuity Drive consistent policies across on-prem and public cloud and across hardware and software based ADCs Build resiliency with rSeries’ superior performance and failover capabilities Future proof investments by running multiple versions of apps side-by-side; migrate applications at your own pace Cloud Migration On-Ramp Accelerate cloud strategy by adopting cloud operating models and on-demand scalability with rSeries and use that as on ramp to cloud Dramatically reduce TCO with rSeries systems; extend commercial models to migrate from hardware to software or as applications move to cloud Automation Capabilities Declarative APIs and integration with automation frameworks (Terraform, Ansible) greatly simplifies operations and reduces overhead: AS3 (Application Services 3 Extension): A declarative API that simplifies the configuration of application services. With AS3, customers can deploy and manage configurations consistently across environments. Ansible Automation: Prebuilt Ansible modules for rSeries enable automated provisioning, configuration, and updates, reducing manual effort and minimizing errors. Terraform: Organizations leveraging Infrastructure as Code (IaC) can use Terraform to define and automate the deployment of rSeries appliances and associated configurations. Example json file: Example of running the Automation Playbook: Example of the results: More information on Automation: Automating F5OS on rSeries GitHub Automation Repository Specialized Hardware Performance rSeries offers more hardware-accelerated performance capabilities with more FPGA chipsets that are more tightly integrated with TMOS. It also includes the latest Intel processing capabilities. This enhances the following: SSL and compression offload L4 offload for higher performance and reduced load on software Hardware-accelerated SYN flood protection Hardware-based protection from more than 100 types of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks Support for F5 Intelligence Services Migration Options (BIG-IP Journeys) Use BIG-IP Jouneys to easily migrate your existing configuration to rSeries. This covers the following: Entire L4-L7 configuration can be migrated Individual Applications can be migrated BIG-IP Tenant configuration can be migrated Automatically identify and resolve migration issues Convert UCS files into AS3 declarations if needed Post-deployment diagnostics and health The Journeys Tool, available on DevCentral’s GitHub, facilitates the migration of legacy BIG-IP configurations to rSeries-compatible formats. Customers can convert UCS files, validate configurations, and highlight unsupported features during the migration process. Multi-tenancy capabilities in rSeries simplify the process of isolating workloads during and after migration. GitHub repository for F5 Journeys Conclusion The F5 rSeries platform addresses the modern enterprise’s need for high-performance, scalable, and efficient application delivery and security solutions. By combining cutting-edge hardware capabilities with robust automation tools and flexible migration options, rSeries empowers organizations to seamlessly transition from legacy platforms while unlocking new levels of performance and operational agility. Whether driven by the need for increased throughput, advanced multi-tenancy, the rSeries platform stands as a future-ready solution for securing and optimizing application delivery in an increasingly complex IT landscape. Related Content Cloud Docs rSeries Guide F5 rSeries Appliance Datasheet F5 VELOS: A Next-Generation Fully Automatable Platform DEMO: The Next Generation of F5 Hardware is Ready for you
F5 VELOS: A Next-Generation Fully Automatable Platform
What is VELOS? The F5 VELOS platform is the next generation of F5’s chassis-based systems. VELOS can bridge traditional and modern application architectures by supporting a mix of traditional F5 BIG-IP tenants as well as next-generation BIG-IP Next tenants in the future. F5 VELOS is a key component of the F5 Application Delivery and Security Platform (ADSP). VELOS relies on a Kubernetes-based platform layer (F5OS) that is tightly integrated with F5 TMOS software. Going to a microservice-based platform layer allows VELOS to provide additional functionality that was not possible in previous generations of F5 BIG-IP platforms. Customers do not need to learn Kubernetes but still get the benefits of it. Management of the chassis will still be done via a familiar F5 CLI, webUI, or API. The additional benefit of automation capabilities can greatly simplify the process of deploying F5 products. A significant amount of time and resources are saved due to automation, which translates to more time to perform critical tasks. F5OS VELOS UI Demo Video Why is VELOS important? Get more done in less time by using a highly automatable hardware platform that can deploy software solutions in seconds, not minutes or hours. Increased performance improves ROI: The VELOS platform is a high-performance and highly scalable chassis with improved processing power. Running multiple versions on the same platform allows for more flexibility than previously possible. Significantly reduce the TCO of previous-generation hardware by consolidating multiple platforms into one. Key VELOS Use-Cases NetOps Automation Shorten time to market by automating network operations and offering cloud-like orchestration with full-stack programmability Drive app development and delivery with self-service and faster response time Business Continuity Drive consistent policies across on-prem and public cloud and across hardware and software-based ADCs Build resiliency with VELOS’ superior platform redundancy and failover capabilities Future-proof investments by running multiple versions of apps side-by-side; migrate applications at your own pace Cloud Migration On-Ramp Accelerate cloud strategy by adopting cloud operating models and on-demand scalability with VELOS and use that as on-ramp to cloud Dramatically reduce TCO with VELOS systems; extend commercial models to migrate from hardware to software or as applications move to cloud Automation Capabilities Declarative APIs and integration with automation frameworks (Terraform, Ansible) greatly simplifies operations and reduces overhead: AS3 (Application Services 3 Extension): A declarative API that simplifies the configuration of application services. With AS3, customers can deploy and manage configurations consistently across environments. Ansible Automation: Prebuilt Ansible modules for VELOS enable automated provisioning, configuration, and updates, reducing manual effort and minimizing errors. Terraform: Organizations leveraging Infrastructure as Code (IaC) can use Terraform to define and automate the deployment of VELOS appliances and associated configurations. Example json file: Example of running the Automation Playbook: Example of the results: More information on Automation: Automating F5OS on VELOS GitHub Automation Repository Specialized Hardware Performance VELOS offers more hardware-accelerated performance capabilities with more FPGA chipsets that are more tightly integrated with TMOS. It also includes the latest Intel processing capabilities. This enhances the following: SSL and compression offload L4 offload for higher performance and reduced load on software Hardware-accelerated SYN flood protection Hardware-based protection from more than 100 types of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks Support for F5 Intelligence Services VELOS CX1610 chassis VELOS BX520 blade Migration Options (BIG-IP Journeys) Use BIG-IP Journeys to easily migrate your existing configuration to VELOS. This covers the following: Entire L4-L7 configuration can be migrated Individual Applications can be migrated BIG-IP Tenant configuration can be migrated Automatically identify and resolve migration issues Convert UCS files into AS3 declarations if needed Post-deployment diagnostics and health The Journeys Tool, available on DevCentral’s GitHub, facilitates the migration of legacy BIG-IP configurations to VELOS-compatible formats. Customers can convert UCS files, validate configurations, and highlight unsupported features during the migration process. Multi-tenancy capabilities in VELOS simplify the process of isolating workloads during and after migration. GitHub repository for F5 Journeys Conclusion The F5 VELOS platform addresses the modern enterprise’s need for high-performance, scalable, and efficient application delivery and security solutions. By combining cutting-edge hardware capabilities with robust automation tools and flexible migration options, VELOS empowers organizations to seamlessly transition from legacy platforms while unlocking new levels of performance and operational agility. Whether driven by the need for increased throughput, advanced multi-tenancy, the VELOS platform stands as a future-ready solution for securing and optimizing application delivery in an increasingly complex IT landscape. Related Content Cloud Docs VELOS Guide F5 VELOS Chassic System Datasheet DEMO: The Next Generation of F5 Hardware is Ready for you
Working with JSON data in iRules - Part 1
When TMOS version 21 dropped a few months ago, I released a three part article series focused on managing MCP in iRules. MCP is JSON-RPC2.0 based, so this was a great use case for the new JSON commands. But it's not the only use case. JSON has been the default data format for the web transport for well over a decade. And until v21, doing anything with JSON in iRules was not for the faint of heart as the Tcl version iRules uses has no native parsing capability. In this article, i'll do a JSON overview, introduce the test scripts to pass simple JSON payloads back and forth, and get the BIG-IP configured to manage this traffic. In part two, we'll dig into the iRules. JSON Structure & Terminology Let's start with some example JSON, then we'll break it down. { "my_string": "Hello World", "my_number": 42, "my_boolean": true, "my_null": null, "my_array": [1, 2, 3], "my_object": { "nested_string": "I'm nested", "nested_array": ["a", "b", "c"] } } JSON is pretty simple. The example shown there is a JSON object. Object delimeters are the curly brackets you see on lines 1 and 11, but also in the nested object in lines 7 and 10. Every key in JSON must be a string enclosed in double quotes. The keys are the left side of the colon on lines 2-9. The colon is the separator between the key and its value The comma is the separator between key/value pairs There are 6 data types in JSON String - should be enclosed with double quotes like keys Number - can be integer, floating point, or exponential format Boolean - can only be true or false, without quotes, no capitals Null - this is an intentional omission of a value Array - this is called a list in python and Tcl Object - this is called a dictionary in python and Tcl Objects can be nested. (If you've ever pulled stats from iControl REST, you know this to be true!) Creating a JSON test harness Since iControl REST is JSON based, I could easily pass payloads from my desktop through a virtual server and onward to an internal host for the iControl REST endpoints, but I wanted something I could simplify with a pre-defined client and server payload. So I vibe coded a python script to do just that if you want to use it. I have a ubuntu desktop connected to both the client and server networks of the v21 BIG-IP in my lab. First I tested on localhost, then got my BIG-IP set up to handle the traffic as well. Local test Clientside jrahm@udesktop:~/scripts$ ./cspayload.py client --host 10.0.3.95 --port 8088 [Client] Connecting to http://10.0.3.95:8088/ [Client] Sending JSON payload (POST): { "my_string": "Hello World", "my_number": 42, "my_boolean": true, "my_null": null, "my_array": [ 1, 2, 3 ], "my_object": { "nested_string": "I'm nested", "nested_array": [ "a", "b", "c" ] } } [Client] Received response (Status: 200): { "message": "Hello from server", "type": "response", "status": "success", "data": { "processed": true, "timestamp": "2026-01-29" } } Serverside jrahm@udesktop:~/scripts$ ./cspayload.py server --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8088 [Server] Starting HTTP server on 0.0.0.0:8088 [Server] Press Ctrl+C to stop [Server] Received JSON payload: { "my_string": "Hello World", "my_number": 42, "my_boolean": true, "my_null": null, "my_array": [ 1, 2, 3 ], "my_object": { "nested_string": "I'm nested", "nested_array": [ "a", "b", "c" ] } } [Server] Sent JSON response: { "message": "Hello from server", "type": "response", "status": "success", "data": { "processed": true, "timestamp": "2026-01-29" } } Great, my JSON payload is properly flowing from client to server on localhost. Now let's get the BIG-IP setup to manage this traffic. BIG-IP config This is a pretty basic setup, just need a JSON profile on top of the standard HTTP virtual server setup. My server is listening on 10.0.3.95:8088, so i'll add that as a pool member and then create the virtual in my clientside network at 10.0.2.50:80. Config is below. ltm virtual virtual.jsontest { creation-time 2026-01-29:15:10:10 destination 10.0.2.50:http ip-protocol tcp last-modified-time 2026-01-29:16:21:58 mask 255.255.255.255 pool pool.jsontest profiles { http { } profile.jsontest { } tcp { } } serverssl-use-sni disabled source 0.0.0.0/0 source-address-translation { type automap } translate-address enabled translate-port enabled vlans { ext } vlans-enabled vs-index 2 } ltm pool pool.jsontest { members { 10.0.3.95:radan-http { address 10.0.3.95 session monitor-enabled state up } } monitor http } ltm profile json profile.jsontest { app-service none maximum-bytes 3000 maximum-entries 1000 maximum-non-json-bytes 2000 } BIG-IP test, just traffic, no iRules yet Ok, let's repeat the same client/server test to make sure we're flowing properly through the BIG-IP. I'll just show the clientside this time as the serverside would be the same as before. Note the updated IP and port in the client request should match the virtual server you create. jrahm@udesktop:~/scripts$ ./cspayload.py client --host 10.0.2.50 --port 80 [Client] Connecting to http://10.0.2.50:80/ [Client] Sending JSON payload (POST): { "my_string": "Hello World", "my_number": 42, "my_boolean": true, "my_null": null, "my_array": [ 1, 2, 3 ], "my_object": { "nested_string": "I'm nested", "nested_array": [ "a", "b", "c" ] } } [Client] Received response (Status: 200): { "message": "Hello from server", "type": "response", "status": "success", "data": { "processed": true, "timestamp": "2026-01-29" } } Ok. Now we're cooking and BIG-IP is managing the traffic. Part two will drop as soon as I can share some crazy good news about a little thing happening at AppWorld you don't want to miss!Even More Hands-On Quantum-Safe PKI: Building Enterprise PQC Certificate Authorities with EJBCA Community Edition
Your PQC CAs just graduated from the command line to the corner office. Back in December and again in January we published Hands-On Quantum-Safe PKI, a step-by-step lab for building quantum-resistant certificate authorities from scratch using OpenSSL. You learned ML-DSA algorithms, built a Root CA, chained an Intermediate CA, issued end-entity certificates, and stood up revocation infrastructure, all by hand, one command at a time. Billions of you went through it. Six of you even enjoyed it. But here's the thing about building a CA with OpenSSL: it works beautifully for learning and it works beautifully for testing. It does not work beautifully at 2 AM when someone asks you to revoke a certificate and your "management interface" is vim index.txt . Calgon, take me away! The lab has expanded. The Post-Quantum Cryptography Step-by-Step Lab now includes a complete EJBCA Community Edition deployment track, nine modules that take you from bare metal to enterprise-managed, quantum-resistant Certificate Authorities running inside a real PKI management platform. Same SassyCorp identity. Same ML-DSA-87 Root CA and ML-DSA-65 Intermediate CA. Now with a database, an application server, audit logs, and a web UI that doesn't require you to memorize openssl ca flags. But if you want to we won't stop you and we love you for that. 🔥🔥🔥 Access the Complete Lab on GitHub 🔥🔥🔥; The new lab walks through deploying Keyfactor's EJBCA Community Edition v9.3 on Ubuntu with WildFly 35, MariaDB, and OpenJDK 21. You configure a 3-port TLS architecture, HTTP on 8080, public HTTPS on 8442, and mutual TLS admin access on 8443 where your browser has to prove it's worth it is before EJBCA lets you touch anything. It's PKI with actual access control, which is a refreshing change from chmod 600 being your entire security model. The Evolution: Why This Matters Think of it as three stages of PQC readiness. The first lab (CNSA 2.0 with OpenSSL) taught you algorithm mechanics for federal use cases. The second lab (FIPS 203/204/205) broadened that to commercial compliance. This third expansion puts those same algorithms inside infrastructure that can actually manage certificates at scale — issuance, renewal, revocation, OCSP, CRL distribution, role-based access, and audit logging that doesn't live in a flat file. That progression is intentional. You can't meaningfully operate an enterprise PKI platform if you don't understand what's happening underneath it. And you can't stop at OpenSSL if your organization needs to manage more than a handful of certificates. The compliance clock is running - NIST is deprecating classical asymmetric algorithms by 2030, the NSA wants full CNSA 2.0 enforcement by 2033, and Australia is trying to eliminate classical public-key crypto entirely by 2030 (bless their ambitious hearts). Having people who can actually stand up and operate PQC certificate authorities isn't optional anymore. It's PKI Thunderdome! What You Can Do Next After completing the lab, you'll have a fully operational EJBCA instance with three CAs — the RSA ManagementCA for internal admin plumbing, plus your ML-DSA-87 Root and ML-DSA-65 Intermediate for quantum-resistant certificate operations. From here you can issue end-entity certificates through EJBCA's enrollment interface, configure CRL distribution points, set up OCSP responders, explore the REST API, and experiment with hybrid certificates that combine PQC and classical algorithms. You've got an enterprise PKI playground that happens to be quantum-resistant. The whole thing runs on a single VM if you want, that's what we did. No Docker, no scripts, no "just run this compose file and trust me." Every command is manual, every configuration file is edited by hand, and every step explains why. We remain faithful disciples of the "Learn Python the Hard Way" school of pedagogy, mostly because it works and partly because suffering builds character. The lab is open source, community-driven, and waiting for your pull requests. Go break something, then fix it. That's how you learn. Access the Complete Lab on GitHub → References Resource URL EJBCA Community Edition (Keyfactor) https://github.com/Keyfactor/ejbca-ce Keyfactor PQC Hybrid CA Tutorial https://docs.keyfactor.com/ejbca/latest/tutorial-create-pqc-hybrid-ca-chain Keyfactor EJBCA Installation Docs https://docs.keyfactor.com/ejbca-software/latest/installation WildFly 35 Documentation https://docs.wildfly.org/35/ PQC Coalition — International Requirements https://pqcc.org/international-pqc-requirements/Working with JSON data in iRules - Part 2
In part one, we covered JSON at a high level, got scripts working to pass JSON payload back and forth between client and server, and got the BIG-IP configured to manage this traffic. In this article, we'll start with an overview of the new JSON events, walk through an existing Tcl procedure that will print out the payload in log statements and explain the JSON:: iRules commands in play, and then we'll create a proc or two of our own to find keys in a JSON payload and log their values. But before that, we're going to have a little iRules contest at this year's AppWorld 2026 in Vegas. Are you coming? REGISTER in the AppWorld mobile app for the contest (to be released soon)...seats are limited! when CONTEST_SUBMISSION { set name [string toupper [string replace Jason 1 1 ""]] log local0. "Hey there...$name here." log local0. "You might want to speak my language: structured, nested, and curly-braced." } Some details are being withheld until we gather at AppWorld for the contest, but there just might be a hint in that psuedo-iRule code above. Crawl, Walk, Run! Crawling Let's start by crawling. With the new JSON profile, there are several new events: JSON_REQUEST JSON_REQUEST_MISSING JSON_REQUEST_ERROR JSON_RESPONSE JSON_RESPONSE_MISSING JSON_RESPONSE_ERROR From there let's craft a basic iRule to see what triggers the events. Simple log statements in each. when HTTP_REQUEST { log local0. "HTTP request received: URI [HTTP::uri] from [IP::client_addr]" } when JSON_REQUEST { log local0. "JSON Request detected successfully." } when JSON_REQUEST_MISSING { log local0. "JSON Request missing." } when JSON_REQUEST_ERROR { log local0. "Error processing JSON request. Rejecting request." } when JSON_RESPONSE { log local0. "JSON response detected successfully." } when JSON_RESPONSE_MISSING { log local0. "JSON Response missing." } when JSON_RESPONSE_ERROR { log local0. "Error processing JSON response." } Now we need some client and server payload. Thankfully we have that covered with the script I shared in part one. We just need to unleash it! I have my Visual Studio Code IDE fired up with the F5 Extension and iRules editor marketplace extensions connected to my v21 BIG-IP, I have the iRule above loaded up in the center pane, and then I have the terminal on the right pane split three ways so I can a) generate traffic in the top terminal, b) view the server request/response in the middle terminal, and c) watch the logs from BIG-IP in the bottom terminal. Handy to have all that in one view in the IDE while working. For the first pass, I'll send a request expected to work through the BIG-IP and get a response back from my test server. That command is: ./cspayload.py client --host 10.0.2.50 --port 80 And the result can be seen in the picture below (shown here to show the VS Code setup, I'll just show text going forward.) You can see that the request triggered HTTP_REQUEST, JSON_REQUEST, and JSON_RESPONSE as expected. Now, I'll send an empty payload to verify that JSON_REQUEST_MISSING will fire. The command for that is: ./cspayload1.py client --host 10.0.2.50 --port 80 --no-json We get the event triggered as expected, but interestingly, the request is still processed and sent to the backend and the response is sent back just fine. (timestamps removed) Rule /Common/irule.jsontest <HTTP_REQUEST>: HTTP request received: URI / from 10.0.2.95 Rule /Common/irule.jsontest <JSON_REQUEST_MISSING>: JSON Request missing. Rule /Common/irule.jsontest <JSON_RESPONSE>: JSON response detected successfully. My test script serverside code doesn't balk at an empty payload, but most services likely will, so you'll likely want to manage a reject or response as appropriate in this event. Now let's trigger an error by sending some invalid JSON. The command I sent is: ./cspayload1.py client --host 10.0.2.50 --port 80 --malformed-custom '{invalid: "no quotes on key"}' And that resulted in a successfully triggered JSON_REQUEST_ERROR and no payload was sent back to the backend server. Rule /Common/irule.jsontest <HTTP_REQUEST>: HTTP request received: URI / from 10.0.2.95 Rule /Common/irule.jsontest <JSON_REQUEST_ERROR>: Error processing JSON request. Rejecting request. Walking After validating our events are triggering, let's take a look at the example iRule below that will use a procedure to print out the JSON payload. when JSON_REQUEST { set json_data [JSON::root] call print $json_data } proc print { e } { set t [JSON::type $e] set v [JSON::get $e] set p0 [string repeat " " [expr {2 * ([info level] - 1)}]] set p [string repeat " " [expr {2 * [info level]}]] switch $t { array { log local0. "$p0\[" set size [JSON::array size $v] for {set i 0} {$i < $size} {incr i} { set e2 [JSON::array get $v $i] call print $e2 } log local0. "$p0\]" } object { log local0. "$p0{" set keys [JSON::object keys $v] foreach k $keys { set e2 [JSON::object get $v $k] log local0. "$p${k}:" call print $e2 } log local0. "$p0}" } string - literal { set v2 [JSON::get $e $t] log local0. "$p\"$v2\"" } default { set v2 [JSON::get $e $t] if { $v2 eq "" && $t eq "null" } { log local0. "${p}null" } elseif { $v2 == 1 && $t eq "boolean" } { log local0. "${p}true" } elseif { $v2 == 0 && $t eq "boolean" } { log local0. "${p}false" } else { log local0. "$p$v2" } } } } If you build a lot of JSON utilities, I'd recommend creating an iRule that is just a library of procedures you can call from the iRule where your application-specific logic is. In this case, it's instructional so I'll keep the proc local to the iRule. Let's take this line by line. Lines 1-4 are the logic of the iRule. Upon the JSON_REQUEST event trigger, use the JSON::root command to load the JSON payload into the json_data variable, then pass that data to the print proc to, well, print it (via log statements.) Lines 5-47 detail the print procedure. It takes the variable e (for element) and acts on that throughout the proc. Lines 6-7 set the type and value of the element to the t and v variables respectively Lines 8-9 are calculating whitespace requirements for each element's value that will be printed Lines 10-38 are conditional logic controlled by the switch statement based on the element's type set by the JSON::type command, with lines 11-19 handling an array, lines 20-29 handling an object, lines 30-33 a string or literal, and lines 34-27 the default catchall. Lines 11 - 19 cover the JSON array, which in Tcl is a list. The JSON::array size command gets the list size and iterates through each list item in the for loop. The JSON::array get command then sets the value at that index in the loop to a second element variable (e2) and recursively calls the proc to start afresh on the e2 element. Lines 20-29 cover the JSON object, which in Tcl is a key/value dictionary. The JSON::object keys command gets the keys of the element and iterates through each key. The rest of this action is identical to the JSON array with the exception here of using the JSON::object get command. Lines 30-33 cover the string and literal types. Simple action here, uses the JSON::get command with the element and type and then logs it. For lines 34-43, this is the catch all for other types. Tcl represents a null type as an empty string, and the boolean values of true and false as 1 and 0 respectively. But since we're printing out the JSON values sent, it's nice to make sure they match, so I modified the function to print a literal null as a string for that type, and a literal true/false string for their 1/0 Tcl counterparts. Otherwise, it will print as is. Ok, let's run the test and see what we see. Clientside view: ./cspayload2.py client --host 10.0.2.50 --port 80 [Client] Connecting to http://10.0.2.50:80/ [Client] Sending JSON payload (POST): { "my_string": "Hello World", "my_number": 42, "my_boolean": true, "my_null": null, "my_array": [ 1, 2, 3 ], "my_object": { "nested_string": "I'm nested", "nested_array": [ "a", "b", "c" ] } } [Client] Received response (Status: 200): { "message": "Hello from server", "type": "response", "status": "success", "data": { "processed": true, "timestamp": "2026-01-29" } } Serverside view: jrahm@udesktop:~/scripts$ ./cspayload2.py server --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8088 [Server] Starting HTTP server on 0.0.0.0:8088 [Server] Mode: Normal JSON responses [Server] Press Ctrl+C to stop [Server] Received JSON payload: { "my_string": "Hello World", "my_number": 42, "my_boolean": true, "my_null": null, "my_array": [ 1, 2, 3 ], "my_object": { "nested_string": "I'm nested", "nested_array": [ "a", "b", "c" ] } } [Server] Sent JSON response: { "message": "Hello from server", "type": "response", "status": "success", "data": { "processed": true, "timestamp": "2026-01-29" } } Resulting log statements on BIG-IP (with timestamp through rule name removed for visibility): <JSON_REQUEST>: { <JSON_REQUEST>: my_string: <JSON_REQUEST>: "Hello World" <JSON_REQUEST>: my_number: <JSON_REQUEST>: 42 <JSON_REQUEST>: my_boolean: <JSON_REQUEST>: true <JSON_REQUEST>: my_null: <JSON_REQUEST>: null <JSON_REQUEST>: my_array: <JSON_REQUEST>: [ <JSON_REQUEST>: 1 <JSON_REQUEST>: 2 <JSON_REQUEST>: 3 <JSON_REQUEST>: ] <JSON_REQUEST>: my_object: <JSON_REQUEST>: { <JSON_REQUEST>: nested_string: <JSON_REQUEST>: "I'm nested" <JSON_REQUEST>: nested_array: <JSON_REQUEST>: [ <JSON_REQUEST>: "a" <JSON_REQUEST>: "b" <JSON_REQUEST>: "c" <JSON_REQUEST>: ] <JSON_REQUEST>: } <JSON_REQUEST>: } The print procedure is shown here to include the whitespace necessary to prettify the output. Neat! Running Now that we've worked our way through the print function, let's do something useful! You might have a need to evaluate the value of a key somewhere in the JSON object and act on that. For this example, we're going to look for the nested_array key, retrieve it's value, and if an item value of b is found, reject the request by building a new JSON object to return status to the client. First, we need to build a proc we'll name find_key that is similar to the print one above to recursively search the JSON payload. While learning my way through this, I also discovered I needed to create an additional proc we'll name stringify to, well, "stringify" the values of objects because they are still encoded. stringify proc proc stringify { json_element } { set element_type [JSON::type $json_element] set element_value [JSON::get $json_element] set output "" switch -- $element_type { array { append output "\[" set array_size [JSON::array size $element_value] for {set index 0} {$index < $array_size} {incr index} { set array_item [JSON::array get $element_value $index] append output [call stringify $array_item] if {$index < $array_size - 1} { append output "," } } append output "\]" } object { append output "{" set object_keys [JSON::object keys $element_value] set key_count [llength $object_keys] set current_index 0 foreach current_key $object_keys { set nested_element [JSON::object get $element_value $current_key] append output "\"${current_key}\":" append output [call stringify $nested_element] if {$current_index < $key_count - 1} { append output "," } incr current_index } append output "}" } string - literal { set actual_value [JSON::get $json_element $element_type] append output "\"$actual_value\"" } default { set actual_value [JSON::get $json_element $element_type] append output "$actual_value" } } return $output } There really isn't any new magic in this proc, though I did expand variable names to make it a little more clear than our original example. It's basically a redo of the print function, but instead of printing it's just creating the string version of objects so I can execute a conditional against that string. Nothing new to learn, but necessary in making the find_key proc work. find_key proc proc find_key { json_element search_key } { set element_type [JSON::type $json_element] set element_value [JSON::get $json_element] switch -- $element_type { array { set array_size [JSON::array size $element_value] for {set index 0} {$index < $array_size} {incr index} { set array_item [JSON::array get $element_value $index] set result [call find_key $array_item $search_key] if {$result ne ""} { return $result } } } object { set object_keys [JSON::object keys $element_value] foreach current_key $object_keys { if {$current_key eq $search_key} { set found_element [JSON::object get $element_value $current_key] set found_type [JSON::type $found_element] if {$found_type eq "object" || $found_type eq "array"} { set found_value [call stringify $found_element] } else { set found_value [JSON::get $found_element $found_type] } return $found_value } set nested_element [JSON::object get $element_value $current_key] set result [call find_key $nested_element $search_key] if {$result ne ""} { return $result } } } } return "" } In the find_key proc, the magic happens in line 10 for a JSON array (Tcl list) and in lines 18-32 for a JSON object (Tcl dictionary.) Nothing new in the use of the JSON commands, but rather than printing all the keys and values found, we're looking for a specific key so we can return its value. For the array we are iterating through list items that will have a single value, but that value might be an object that needs to be stringified. For the object, we need to iterate through all the keys and their values, also which might be objects or nested objects to be stringified. Recursion for the win! Hopefull you're starting to get the hang of using all the interrogating JSON commands we've covered, because now wer'e going to create something with some new commands! iRule logic Once we have the procs defined to handle their specific jobs, the iRule to find the key and then return the rejected status message becomes much cleaner: when JSON_REQUEST priority 500 { set json_data [JSON::root] if {[call find_key $json_data "nested_array"] contains "b" } { set cache [JSON::create] set rootval [JSON::root $cache] JSON::set $rootval object set obj [JSON::get $rootval object] JSON::object add $obj "[IP::client_addr] status" string "rejected" set rendered [JSON::render $cache] log local0. "$rendered" HTTP::respond 200 content $rendered "Content-Type" "application/json" } } Let's walk through this one line by line. Lines 1 and 13 wrap the JSON_REQUEST payload. Line 2 retrieves the current JSON::root, which is our payload, and stores it in the json_data variable. Lines 3 and 12 wrap the if conditional, which is using our find_key proc to look for the nested_array key, and if that stringified value includes b, reject the response. (in real life looking for "b" would be a terrible contains pattern to look for, but go with me here.) Line 4 creates a JSON context for the system. Think of this as a container we're going to do JSON stuff in. Line 5 gets the root element of our JSON container. At this point it's empty, we're just getting a handle to whatever will be at the top level. Line 6 now actually adds an object to the JSON container. At this point, it's just "{ }". Line 7 gets the handle of that object we just created so we can do something with it. Line 8 adds the key value pair of "status" and our reject message. Line 9 now takes the entire JSON context we just created and renders it to a JSON string we can log and respond with. Line 10 logs to /var/log/ltm Line 11 responds with the reject message in JSON format. Note I'm using a 200 error code instead of a 403. That's just because the cilent test script won't show the status message with a 403 and I wanted to see it. Normally you'd use the appropriate error code. Now, I offer you a couple challenges. lines 4-9 in the JSON_REQUEST example above should really be split off to become another proc, so that the logic of the JSON_REQUEST is laser-focused. How would YOU write that proc, and how would you call it from the JSON_REQUEST event? The find_key proc works, but there's a Tcl-native way to get at that information with just the JSON::object subcommands that is far less complex and more performant. Come at me! Conclusion When I started this JSON article series, I knew A LOT less about the underlying basics of JSON than I thought I knew. It's funny how working with things on the wire requires a little more insight into protocols and data formats than you think you need. Happy iRuling out there, and I hope to see you at AppWorld next month!Practical Mapping Guide - F5 BIG-IP TMOS Modules to Feature-Scoped CNFs
Introduction BIG-IP TMOS and BIG-IP CNFs solve similar problems with very different deployment and configuration models. In TMOS you deploy whole modules (LTM, AFM, DNS, etc.), while in CNFs you deploy only the specific features and data plane functions you need as cloud native components. Modules vs feature scoped services In TMOS, enabling LTM gives you a broad set of capabilities in one module: virtual servers, pools, profiles, iRules, SNAT, persistence, etc., all living in the same configuration namespace. In CNFs, you deploy only the features you actually need, expressed as discrete custom resources: for example, a routing CNF for more precise TMM routing, a firewall CNF for policies, or specific CRs for profiles and NAT, rather than bringing the entire LTM or AFM module along “just in case”. Configuration objects vs custom resources TMOS configuration is organized as objects under modules (for example: LTM virtual, LTM pool, security, firewall policy, net vlan), managed via tmsh, GUI, or iControl REST. CNFs expose those same capabilities through Kubernetes Custom Resources (CRs): routes, policies, profiles, NAT, VLANs, and so on are expressed as YAML and applied with GitOps-style workflows, making individual features independently deployable with a version history. Coarse-grained vs precise feature deployment On TMOS, deploying a use case often means standing up a full BIG-IP instance with multiple modules enabled, even if the application only needs basic load balancing with a single HTTP profile and a couple of firewall rules. With CNFs, you can carve out exactly what you need: for example, only a precise TMM routing function plus the specific TCP/HTTP/SSL profiles and security policies required for a given application or edge segment, reducing blast radius and resource footprint. BIG-IP Next CNF Custom Resources (CRs) extend Kubernetes APIs to configure the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) and Advanced Firewall Manager (AFM), providing declarative equivalents to BIG-IP TMOS configuration objects. This mapping ensures functional parity for L4-L7 services, security, and networking while enabling cloud-native scalability. Focus here covers core mappings with examples for iRules and Profiles. What are Kubernetes Custom Resources Think of Kubernetes API as a menu of objects you can create: Pods (containers), Services (networking), Deployments (replicas). CRs add new menu items for your unique needs. You first define a CustomResourceDefinition (CRD) (the blueprint), then create CR instances (actual objects using that blueprint). How CRs Work (Step-by-Step) Create CRD - Define new object type (e.g., "F5BigFwPolicy") Apply CRD - Kubernetes API server registers it, adding new REST endpoints like /apis/f5net.com/v1/f5bigfwpolicies Create CR - Write YAML instances of your new type and apply with kubectl Controllers Watch - Custom operators/controllers react to CR changes, creating real resources (Pods, ConfigMaps, etc.) CR examples Networking and NAT Mappings Networking CRs handle interfaces and routing, mirroring, TMOS VLANs, Self-IPs and NAT mapping. CNF CR TMOS Object(s) Purpose F5BigNetVlan VLANs, Self-IPs, MTU Interface config F5BigCneSnatpool SNAT Automap Source NAT s Example: F5BigNetVlan CR sets VLAN tags and IPs, applied via kubectl apply, propagating to TMM like tmsh create net vlan. Security and Protection Mappings Protection CRs map to AFM and DoS modules for threat mitigation. CNF CR CR Purpose TMOS Object(s) Purpose F5BigFwPolicy applies industry-standard firewall rules to TMM AFM Policies Stateful ACL filtering F5BigFwRulelist Consists of an array of ACL rules AFM Rule list Stateful ACL filtering F5BigSvcPolicy Allows creation of Timer Policies and attaching them to the Firewall Rules AFM Policies Stateful ACL filtering F5BigIpsPolicy Allows you to filter inspected traffic (matched events) by various properties such as, the inspection profile’s host (virtual server or firewall policy), traffic properties, inspection action, or inspection service. IPS AFM policies Enforce IPS F5BigDdosGlobal Configures the TMM Proxy Pod to protect applications and the TMM Pod from Denial of Service / Distributed Denial of Service (Dos/DDoS) attacks. Global DoS/DDoS Device DoS protection F5BigDdosProfile The Percontext DDoS CRD configures the TMM Proxy Pod to protect applications from Denial of Service / Distributed Denial of Service (Dos/DDoS) attacks. DoS/DDoS per profile Per Context DoS profile protection F5BigIpiPolicy Each policy contains a list of categories and actions that can be customized, with IPRep database being common. Feedlist based policies can also customize the IP addresses configured. IP Intelligence Policies Reputation-based blocking Example: F5BigFwPolicy references rule-lists and zones, equivalent to tmsh creating security firewall policy. Traffic Management Mappings Traffic CRs proxy TCP/UDP and support ALGs, akin to LTM Virtual Servers and Pools. CNF CR TMOS Object(s) Purpose Part of the Apps CRs Virtual Server (Ingress/HTTPRoute/GRPCRoute) LTM Virtual Servers Load balancing Part of the Apps CRs Pool (Endpoints) LTM Pools Node groups F5BigAlgFtp FTP Profile/ALG FTP gateway F5BigDnsCache DNS Cache Resolution/caching Example: GRPCRoute CR defines backend endpoints and profiles, mapping to tmsh create ltm virtual. Profiles Mappings with Examples Profiles CRs customize traffic handling, referenced by Traffic Management CRs, directly paralleling TMOS profiles. CNF CR TMOS Profile(s) Example Configuration Snippet F5BigTcpSetting TCP Profile spec: { defaultsFrom: "tcp-lan-optimized" } tunes congestion like tmsh create LTM profile TCP optimized F5BigUdpSetting UDP Profile spec: { idleTimeout: 300 } sets timeouts F5BigUdpSetting HTTP Profile spec: { http2Profile: "http2" } enables HTTP/2 F5BigClientSslSetting ClientSSL Profile spec: { certKeyChain: { name: "default" } } for TLS termination F5PersistenceProfile Persistence Profile Enables source/dest persistence Profiles attach to Virtual Servers/Ingresses declaratively, e.g., spec.profiles: [{ name: "my-tcp", context: "tcp" }]. iRules Support and Examples CNF fully supports iRules for custom logic, integrated into Traffic Management CRs like Virtual Servers or FTP/RTSP. iRules execute in TMM, preserving TMOS scripting. Example CR Snippet: apiVersion: k8s.f5net.com/v1 kind: F5BigCneIrule metadata: name: cnfs-dns-irule namespace: cnf-gateway spec: iRule: > when DNS_REQUEST { if { [IP::addr [IP::remote_addr] equals 10.10.1.0/24] } { cname cname.siterequest.com } else { host 10.20.20.20 } } This mapping facilitates TMOS-to-CNF migrations using tools like F5Big-Ip Controller for CR generation from UCS configs. For full CR specs, refer to official docs. The updated full list of CNF CRs per release can be found over here, https://clouddocs.f5.com/cnfs/robin/latest/cnf-custom-resources.html Conclusion In this article, we examined how BIG-IP Next CNF redefines the TMOS module model into a feature-scoped, cloud-native service architecture. By mapping TMOS objects such as virtual servers, profiles, and security policies to their corresponding CNF Custom Resources, we illustrated how familiar traffic management and security constructs translate into declarative Kubernetes workflows. Related content F5 Cloud-Native Network Functions configurations guide BIG-IP Next Cloud-Native Network Functions (CNFs) CNF DNS Express BIG-IP Next for Kubernetes CNFs - DNS walkthrough BIG-IP Next for Kubernetes CNFs deployment walkthrough | DevCentral BIG-IP Next Edge Firewall CNF for Edge workloads | DevCentral Modern Applications-Demystifying Ingress solutions flavors | DevCentral
Secure and Harden Forward Proxies in NGINX Plus
Most people know NGINX as a reverse proxy, sitting in front of your servers to handle incoming traffic. Forward proxy works in the opposite direction. It sits between your internal users (or applications) and the outside world, managing outbound connections. NGINX Plus R36 introduced this capability through support for the HTTP CONNECT method. Before this, organizations often needed separate tools for inbound and outbound traffic control. Now you can handle both with a single platform. This unification in a single platform reduces operational overhead, streamlines application delivery and management, and reduces the attack surface of your application infrastructure.
