So far in this series, we have covered the basics of HTTP messaging, the underlying protocols, and last week, we focused on digging a little deeper into the terminology. This week we will focus on the HTTP speakers: clients, servers, and proxies. Borrowing from the underlying protocols article, we’ll just place a happy little accidental blur over the devices in the hop path that aren’t actively engaged at the HTTP protocol layer. Note that the devices speaking HTTP also perform these lower layers, but that is not the focus here.
\n\n\n\n
Every journey has a beginning and an end, a source and a destination. So it is with HTTP. I’m lumping these two together because they are the consumers and suppliers in this story. An application is an HTTP client if it speaks HTTP. Now, the client might do a lot of other things unrelated to HTTP itself, but the core client functionality is this: send a request message and receive a response message. With that in mind, you can use all sorts of tools to be HTTP clients. Like telnet:
\n\n\nMACDADDY:~ jrahm$ telnet\ntelnet> open 10.10.10.10 5000\nTrying 10.10.10.10...\nConnected to vmlab.\nEscape character is '^]'.\nGET /rants.html HTTP/1.1\n\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\nContent-Length: 1126\nServer: Werkzeug/0.11.15 Python/2.7.12\nDate: Thu, 28 Sep 2017 18:06:33 GMT\n...\n\n
Or build your own socket client with python!
\n\n\n>>> import socket\n>>> s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n>>> s.connect(('10.10.10.10', 5000))\n>>> s.send('GET /rants.html HTTP/1.1\\n\\n')\n26\n>>> while True:\n... response = s.recv(1024)\n... if response == '': break\n... print response,\n...\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\nContent-Length: 1126\nServer: Werkzeug/0.11.15 Python/2.7.12\nDate: Thu, 28 Sep 2017 18:10:41 GMT\n...\n>>> s.close()\n\n
In many client-server systems, most if not all intelligence resides on the server side of the relationship. This is not the case with web traffic. There is shared intelligence between web clients and servers, with more intelligence seemingly accelerating toward the big daddy of all HTTP clients—the browser. I don't want to dive too far down the rabbit hole, but the browser evolution over the years is nothing short of astounding. Do you recall the crazy number of plugins or off-browser technical gymnastics you had to do to play a video? Now we can’t get them NOT to play! Browsers manage name resolution, compression, caching, cookies, request routing, rendering, security, etc. The browser is an incredibly powerful and rich application platform that far exceeds the scope of this article or series, but an HTTP client it is nonetheless.
\n\nServers serve content. It’s what they do (thank you Capt. Obvious!) It can be static content like scripts, stylesheets, images, etc. But usually most modern sites are incredibly dynamic.
\n\nQuick aside - In some architectures, you have the web server, the application server, and then the database server. Sometimes, these are collapses in front/back pairs or combined altogether. The added layers and functionality, however, don't change the underlying HTTP messaging required for a server of that web content to return a response back to the client.
\n\nServers can be just as surprisingly simple or mind-numbingly complex as the client. For example, an iRule running on your BIG-IP can be a “server” and serve up HTTP responses with a single command in the HTTP_RESPONSE event, or even just respond to a certain url:
\n\n\n# respond to every URI with simple \"ok\"\nwhen HTTP_RESPONSE {\nHTTP::respond 200 ok\n\n# respond to /service-check.html\nwhen HTTP_RESPONSE {\n if { [HTTP::path] eq \"/service-check.html\" } {\n HTTP::respond 200 ok\n }\n}\n\n
Also, with micro-frameworks like python’s Flask package, you can serve up HTTP response messages with a few lines of code:
\n\n\nfrom flask import Flask\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef hello_world():\n return 'Hello, World!'\n\n
In addition to content management, like clients, there are additional services that can be offered by servers. Some of the same services as the client with compression and caching, and some additional services like authentication and authorization, session handling, tenant isolation, etc.
\n\nLightweight command line HTTP clients (ab, netcat, curl) and server applications (like twisted) are fantastic for doing functional testing of your BIG-IP deployments, and many of them can be scaled with help to do some pretty helpful performance testing as well. And whereas BIG-IP (via iRules, policies, or HTP profiles) can be clients and/or servers in the messaging game, it is not usually considered as such. BIG-IP is considered a proxy.
\n\nIf clients and servers are the consumers and suppliers in our story, then proxies are the slick used car salesmen. The high volume operators. The border agents inspecting the precious cargo. The custom fabricators. They are the middle men! And just like in society, there are positive use cases for middle men, and some not so positive ones (man-in-the-middle attacks.)
\n\nEarlier this year as part of our DevCentral Basics series wrote an excellent article covering the basic concepts of proxies, so I won’t belabor that here but I do want to address some proxy functionality:
\n\nThe BIG-IP platform supports forward proxy through the Secure Web Gateway Services and the reverse proxy functionality through the core Local Traffic Manager module and with additional access and security services with Access Policy Manager and Application Security Manager respectively.
\n\nMoving forward in this series, we will focus primarily on the reverse proxy functionality within BIG-IP. Join us next week when we start to talk about the BIG-IP HTTP profile.
","body@stringLength":"9000","rawBody":"So far in this series, we have covered the basics of HTTP messaging, the underlying protocols, and last week, we focused on digging a little deeper into the terminology. This week we will focus on the HTTP speakers: clients, servers, and proxies. Borrowing from the underlying protocols article, we’ll just place a happy little accidental blur over the devices in the hop path that aren’t actively engaged at the HTTP protocol layer. Note that the devices speaking HTTP also perform these lower layers, but that is not the focus here.
\n\nEvery journey has a beginning and an end, a source and a destination. So it is with HTTP. I’m lumping these two together because they are the consumers and suppliers in this story. An application is an HTTP client if it speaks HTTP. Now, the client might do a lot of other things unrelated to HTTP itself, but the core client functionality is this: send a request message and receive a response message. With that in mind, you can use all sorts of tools to be HTTP clients. Like telnet:
\n\n\nMACDADDY:~ jrahm$ telnet\ntelnet> open 10.10.10.10 5000\nTrying 10.10.10.10...\nConnected to vmlab.\nEscape character is '^]'.\nGET /rants.html HTTP/1.1\n\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\nContent-Length: 1126\nServer: Werkzeug/0.11.15 Python/2.7.12\nDate: Thu, 28 Sep 2017 18:06:33 GMT\n...\n\n
Or build your own socket client with python!
\n\n\n>>> import socket\n>>> s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n>>> s.connect(('10.10.10.10', 5000))\n>>> s.send('GET /rants.html HTTP/1.1\\n\\n')\n26\n>>> while True:\n... response = s.recv(1024)\n... if response == '': break\n... print response,\n...\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\nContent-Length: 1126\nServer: Werkzeug/0.11.15 Python/2.7.12\nDate: Thu, 28 Sep 2017 18:10:41 GMT\n...\n>>> s.close()\n\n
In many client-server systems, most if not all intelligence resides on the server side of the relationship. This is not the case with web traffic. There is shared intelligence between web clients and servers, with more intelligence seemingly accelerating toward the big daddy of all HTTP clients—the browser. I don't want to dive too far down the rabbit hole, but the browser evolution over the years is nothing short of astounding. Do you recall the crazy number of plugins or off-browser technical gymnastics you had to do to play a video? Now we can’t get them NOT to play! Browsers manage name resolution, compression, caching, cookies, request routing, rendering, security, etc. The browser is an incredibly powerful and rich application platform that far exceeds the scope of this article or series, but an HTTP client it is nonetheless.
\n\nServers serve content. It’s what they do (thank you Capt. Obvious!) It can be static content like scripts, stylesheets, images, etc. But usually most modern sites are incredibly dynamic.
\n\nQuick aside - In some architectures, you have the web server, the application server, and then the database server. Sometimes, these are collapses in front/back pairs or combined altogether. The added layers and functionality, however, don't change the underlying HTTP messaging required for a server of that web content to return a response back to the client.
\n\nServers can be just as surprisingly simple or mind-numbingly complex as the client. For example, an iRule running on your BIG-IP can be a “server” and serve up HTTP responses with a single command in the HTTP_RESPONSE event, or even just respond to a certain url:
\n\n\n# respond to every URI with simple \"ok\"\nwhen HTTP_RESPONSE {\nHTTP::respond 200 ok\n\n# respond to /service-check.html\nwhen HTTP_RESPONSE {\n if { [HTTP::path] eq \"/service-check.html\" } {\n HTTP::respond 200 ok\n }\n}\n\n
Also, with micro-frameworks like python’s Flask package, you can serve up HTTP response messages with a few lines of code:
\n\n\nfrom flask import Flask\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef hello_world():\n return 'Hello, World!'\n\n
In addition to content management, like clients, there are additional services that can be offered by servers. Some of the same services as the client with compression and caching, and some additional services like authentication and authorization, session handling, tenant isolation, etc.
\n\nLightweight command line HTTP clients (ab, netcat, curl) and server applications (like twisted) are fantastic for doing functional testing of your BIG-IP deployments, and many of them can be scaled with help to do some pretty helpful performance testing as well. And whereas BIG-IP (via iRules, policies, or HTP profiles) can be clients and/or servers in the messaging game, it is not usually considered as such. BIG-IP is considered a proxy.
\n\nIf clients and servers are the consumers and suppliers in our story, then proxies are the slick used car salesmen. The high volume operators. The border agents inspecting the precious cargo. The custom fabricators. They are the middle men! And just like in society, there are positive use cases for middle men, and some not so positive ones (man-in-the-middle attacks.)
\n\nEarlier this year as part of our DevCentral Basics series wrote an excellent article covering the basic concepts of proxies, so I won’t belabor that here but I do want to address some proxy functionality:
\n\nThe BIG-IP platform supports forward proxy through the Secure Web Gateway Services and the reverse proxy functionality through the core Local Traffic Manager module and with additional access and security services with Access Policy Manager and Application Security Manager respectively.
\n\nMoving forward in this series, we will focus primarily on the reverse proxy functionality within BIG-IP. Join us next week when we start to talk about the BIG-IP HTTP profile.
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me!"},"localOverride":false},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/cmstNDEtSzFzVEth\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/cmstNDEtSzFzVEth","height":0,"width":0,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"Rank:rank:41":{"__typename":"Rank","id":"rank:41","position":18,"name":"Nimbostratus","color":"CCCCCC","icon":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/cmstNDEtSzFzVEth\"}"},"rankStyle":"FILLED"},"User:user:39787":{"__typename":"User","id":"user:39787","uid":39787,"login":"Ilian_Ivanov","biography":null,"registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null,"registrationTime":"2019-06-11T06:20:00.000-07:00","confirmEmailStatus":null,"registrationAccessLevel":null,"ssoRegistrationFields":[]},"deleted":false,"email":"","avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/m_assets/avatars/default/avatar-12.svg"},"rank":{"__ref":"Rank:rank:41"},"messagesCount":88,"kudosGivenCount":1,"kudosReceivedCount":0,"kudosWeight":1,"ssoId":null,"followersCount":null,"solutionsCount":0,"entityType":"USER","eventPath":"community:zihoc95639/user:39787"},"ModerationData:moderation_data:288421":{"__typename":"ModerationData","id":"moderation_data:288421","status":"APPROVED","rejectReason":null,"isReportedAbuse":false,"rejectUser":null,"rejectTime":null,"rejectActorType":null},"TkbReplyMessage:message:288421":{"__typename":"TkbReplyMessage","author":{"__ref":"User:user:39787"},"id":"message:288421","revisionNum":1,"uid":288421,"depth":1,"hasGivenKudo":false,"subscribed":false,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"parent":{"__ref":"TkbTopicMessage:message:288420"},"conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:288420"},"subject":"Re: What is HTTP Part IV - Clients, Servers, and Proxies. Oh My!","moderationData":{"__ref":"ModerationData:moderation_data:288421"},"body":"Could you please update the first image, it is not fully visible.
\n
And one note: For HTTP/1.1, Host header is required :)
","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":false,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":false,\"removeTocMarkup\":false,\"truncateLength\":200})@stringLength":"140","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"postTime":"2018-01-22T04:31:12.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2018-01-22T04:31:12.000-08:00","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":313},"visibilityScope":"PUBLIC","placeholder":false,"originalMessageForPlaceholder":null,"entityType":"TKB_REPLY","eventPath":"category:Articles/community:zihoc95639board:TechnicalArticles/message:288420/message:288421","replies":{"__typename":"MessageConnection","pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null},"edges":[]},"customFields":[],"attachments":{"__typename":"AttachmentConnection","edges":[],"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"ModerationData:moderation_data:288422":{"__typename":"ModerationData","id":"moderation_data:288422","status":"APPROVED","rejectReason":null,"isReportedAbuse":false,"rejectUser":null,"rejectTime":null,"rejectActorType":null},"TkbReplyMessage:message:288422":{"__typename":"TkbReplyMessage","author":{"__ref":"User:user:51154"},"id":"message:288422","revisionNum":1,"uid":288422,"depth":1,"hasGivenKudo":false,"subscribed":false,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"parent":{"__ref":"TkbTopicMessage:message:288420"},"conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:288420"},"subject":"Re: What is HTTP Part IV - Clients, Servers, and Proxies. Oh My!","moderationData":{"__ref":"ModerationData:moderation_data:288422"},"body":"
That image is blurred on purpose to mask the lower layers. It's fully visible in part 2 of the series.
 
\nYes, you are correct that host header is required in HTTP/1.1. Did I give the impression that it wasn't? I'd like to clarify that if so.
 
","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":false,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":false,\"removeTocMarkup\":false,\"truncateLength\":200})@stringLength":"203","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"postTime":"2018-01-22T06:01:42.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2018-01-22T06:01:42.000-08:00","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":310},"visibilityScope":"PUBLIC","placeholder":false,"originalMessageForPlaceholder":null,"entityType":"TKB_REPLY","eventPath":"category:Articles/community:zihoc95639board:TechnicalArticles/message:288420/message:288422","replies":{"__typename":"MessageConnection","pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null},"edges":[]},"customFields":[],"attachments":{"__typename":"AttachmentConnection","edges":[],"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"ModerationData:moderation_data:288423":{"__typename":"ModerationData","id":"moderation_data:288423","status":"APPROVED","rejectReason":null,"isReportedAbuse":false,"rejectUser":null,"rejectTime":null,"rejectActorType":null},"TkbReplyMessage:message:288423":{"__typename":"TkbReplyMessage","author":{"__ref":"User:user:39787"},"id":"message:288423","revisionNum":1,"uid":288423,"depth":1,"hasGivenKudo":false,"subscribed":false,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"parent":{"__ref":"TkbTopicMessage:message:288420"},"conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:288420"},"subject":"Re: What is HTTP Part IV - Clients, Servers, and Proxies. Oh My!","moderationData":{"__ref":"ModerationData:moderation_data:288423"},"body":"I didnt understood that this was made with purpose, sorry :)
\n
In the telnet and python send string, the Host header is missing that`s why I mentioned it.
\n
By the way, very nice series, thank you :)
","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":false,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":false,\"removeTocMarkup\":false,\"truncateLength\":200})@stringLength":"213","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"postTime":"2018-01-22T06:27:42.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2018-01-22T06:27:42.000-08:00","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":308},"visibilityScope":"PUBLIC","placeholder":false,"originalMessageForPlaceholder":null,"entityType":"TKB_REPLY","eventPath":"category:Articles/community:zihoc95639board:TechnicalArticles/message:288420/message:288423","replies":{"__typename":"MessageConnection","pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null},"edges":[]},"customFields":[],"attachments":{"__typename":"AttachmentConnection","edges":[],"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"ModerationData:moderation_data:288424":{"__typename":"ModerationData","id":"moderation_data:288424","status":"APPROVED","rejectReason":null,"isReportedAbuse":false,"rejectUser":null,"rejectTime":null,"rejectActorType":null},"TkbReplyMessage:message:288424":{"__typename":"TkbReplyMessage","author":{"__ref":"User:user:51154"},"id":"message:288424","revisionNum":1,"uid":288424,"depth":1,"hasGivenKudo":false,"subscribed":false,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"parent":{"__ref":"TkbTopicMessage:message:288420"},"conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:288420"},"subject":"Re: What is HTTP Part IV - Clients, Servers, and Proxies. Oh My!","moderationData":{"__ref":"ModerationData:moderation_data:288424"},"body":"
ah gotcha. Yeah, I suppose I should have been protocol compliant. You can see, however, that Flask (and many other platforms for that matter) are fairly forgiving on that requirement.
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