Configuring an Application for Smart Card Authentication and Forms Based SSO Using a Static Username and Password
A customer recently reached out requesting assistance providing smart card authentication to an application that does not integrate with AD or LDAP and has only a single username and password. While many of you out there may have done this in the past, I for one had not and of course I too was curious how I could make such a solution work. So with that, let's get to it.
In order to successfully deploy this solution, please configure the following prerequisites.
Local Traffic Manager licensed and provisioned
Access Policy Manager licensed and provisioned
CA certificate or a bundle of CA certs
Note: This CA cert or bundle will contain all CA certs which issued the client certificates you will be authenticating with.
OCSP IP address for certificate revocation checking
Configuring a LDAP AAA Resource
Navigate to Access > Authentication > LDAP and select Create
Name: Demo_LDAP_AAA
Server Connection: Direct
Base Port: 389
Admin DN: CN=admin,CN=Users,DC=demo,DC=lab
Leave all other settings at their defaults and select Finished
Navigate to Access > Profiles / Policies > Select Create
Name: Demo_cert_Auth
Profile Type: All
Profile Scope: Profile
Languages: Select your desired language and move it to Accepted Languages
Leave all other settings at their defaults and select Finished
Modify the Access Policy Using the Visual Policy Editor
From the Access > Profiles > Policies : Access Profiles (Per-Session Policies) page, select Edit from the access policy created in the previous step.
Between Start and Deny select the +
From the popup select the Authentication tab and select On_Demand Cert Auth > Add Item
You will be presented with an option to request or require a client present a client certificate. For this example, we will Require the client present a certificate.
Select Save
Following the successful branch of On Demand Cert Auth in the VPE, select +
From the Authentication tab, select OCSP Auth > Add Item
From the OCSP Responder drop down, select the OCSP AAA object created in previous steps.
Certificate Type: User
Click Save
Following the successful branch of OCSP Auth, select +
From the Assignment tab, select Variable Assign > Add Item
From the first empty Assignment, select Change
Custom Variable: session.sso.token.last.password
Select Secure from the drop down menu
Note: Unsecure or Secure specifies whether the variable is secure. A secure variable is stored in encrypted form in the session database. The value of a secure variable is not displayed in the session report, or logged by the logging agent.
Text: password
Select Finished
Under Variable Assign, select Add new entry > Change empty variable
Custom Variable: session.sso.token.last.username
Text: admin
Under Variable Assign, select Add new entry > Change empty variable
Custom Variable: session.logon.last.upn
Custom Expression:
set x509e_fields [split [mcget {session.ssl.cert.x509extension}] "\n"]; # For each element in the list: foreach field $x509e_fields { # If the element contains UPN:
if { $field contains "othername:UPN" } { ## set start of UPN variable set start [expr {[string first "<" $field] +1}] # UPN format is # Return the UPN, by finding the index of opening and closing brackets, then use string range to get everything between. return [string range $field $start [expr { [string first ">" $field $start] - 1 } ] ]; } } # Otherwise return UPN Not Found: return "UPN-NOT-FOUND";
Select Finished > Save
Select Save
Following the fallback branch of Variable Assign, select +
From the Authentication tab, select LDAP Query > Add Item
From the Server drop down, select the LDAP AAA created in previous steps
Fetch Groups to which the user or group below: Direct
Required Attributes: sAMAccountName
Required Attributes: memberOf
Note: sAMAccountName is not required for successful authentication as it is when performing Kerberos KCD though it can be useful to know who is logging in by name versus a long string of characters.
Navigate to the Branch Rules tab
Remove the existing Group Membership expression by selecting the X
Select Add Branch Rule
Name: LDAP Query Successful
Next to expression, select change
Agent Sel: LDAP Query
Condition: LDAP Query Passed
LDAP Query has: Passed
Select Add Expression > Finished
Click Save
Following the LDAP Query Successful branch, select +
From the Assignment tab, select SSO Credential Mapping > Add Item
Following the SSO Credential Mapping branch select +
Select Advanced Resource Assign from the Assignment tab
Click Add new entry
Click Add/Delete
From the Portal Access tab, select the Demo_Web_App resource created in previous tasks.
From the Webtop tab, select the demo_webtop created in previous tasks.
Click Update
Click Save
From the fallback branch, select Deny
Change ending to Allow and click Save
At this point, you have a fully deployed VPE capable of supporting smart card authentication and have statically created a username and password that will be included in your HTTP Post to the web application.
Select Apply Policy
Configure SSL Client Profile
To support client certificate-based authentication, we must also create a Client SSL Profile on the BIG-IP using the steps below.
Navigate to Local Traffic > Profiles > SSL > Client > Create
Name: DemoSSLProfile
Certificate Key Chain: Place a check mark under the custom field. Click Add to select the appropriate cert/key pair.
Client Certificate: Leave it set to ignore as the APM ODCA will perform this function.
Trusted Certificate Authorities: Select the CA or CA bundle certificate
Advertised Certificate Authorities: Select the CA or CA bundle certificate
All other settings can be left at their defaults.
Click Finished
Create a Virtual Server for your Web Application
Navigate to Local Traffic >> Virtual Servers >> Click Create
Name: Demo_Web_App_VS
Destination Address: IP that users will connect to in order to access the web application
Service Port: 443
Protocol Profile (Client): f5-tcp-lan
HTTP Profile: http
SSL Profile (Client): DemoSSLProfile
SSL Profile (Server): serverssl
Source Address Translation: Automap
Rewrite Profile: rewrite_portal
Access Profile: Demo_cert_Auth
Connectivity Profile: Demo_CP
Click Finished
At this point, we have successfully configured all components required to support this use case so let's attempt access.
Validation Testing
From a browser navigate to the IP of your virtual server or the DNS name that resolves that IP
You should be prompted for user certificate
Select your user cert and Click OK
You should be presented with your Webtop
Click on the resource item and you should be redirected to that web application
If your configuration is correct, you will be logged in using the SSO credentials provided within the VPE and SSO profile.
In my first attempt I actually was not successful and received no logon error. This is likely one of 2 things, either I did not assign my SSO profile or the Start URI is incorrect. Let's validate
Validated SSO profile is assigned
Ahhh, now I see! Human error of course. I typed the Start URI incorrectly so, no there was no uri match.
After modifying the Start URI to the correct URI, I am now able to successfully login using the SSO configuration in this guide.
I am by no means saying this will be a common configuration though it is a use case that I have seen in the field more than once. As always, if it helps at least one of you out there it was well worth it. Until next time.
Here is an example which redirects clients who access the VIP with a hostname other than www.example.com:
when HTTP_REQUEST {
Check if host header value is not www.example.com
if {not ([string tolower [HTTP::host]] eq "www.example.com")}{
Send a 301 redirect
HTTP::respond 301 Location "http://www.example.com/"
}
}
Thanks Aaron. I guess I replied before seeing your post. I used your other Irule and it works. I will try the last Irule you posted since it seems more general than specifying an IP address. Thanks again
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The choice of load balancing algorithms can directly impact – for good or ill – the performance, behavior and capacity of applications. Beware making incompatible choices in architecture and algorithms.
One of the most persistent issues encountered when deploying applications in scalable architectures involves sessions and the need for persistence-based (a.k.a. sticky) load balancing services to maintain state for the duration of an end-user’s session. It is common enough that even the rudimentary load balancing services offered by cloud computing providers such as Amazon include the option to enable persistence-based load balancing. While the use of persistence addresses the problem of maintaining session state, it introduces other operational issues that must also be addressed to ensure consistent operational behavior of load balancing services.
In particular, the use of the Round Robin load balancing algorithm in conjunction with persistence-based load balancing should be discouraged if not outright disallowed.
ROUND ROBIN + PERSISTENCE –> POTENTIALLY UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION of LOAD
When scaling applications there are two primary concerns: concurrent user capacity and performance. These two concerns are interrelated in that as capacity is consumed, performance degrades. This is particularly true of applications storing state as each request requires that the application server perform a lookup to retrieve the user session. The more sessions stored, the longer it takes to find and retrieve the session. The exactly efficiency of such lookups is determined by the underlying storage data structure and algorithm used to search the structure for the appropriate session. If you remember your undergraduate classes in data structures and computing Big (O) you’ll remember that some structures scale more efficiently in terms of performance than do others. The general rule of thumb, however, is that the more data stored, the longer the lookup. Only the amount of degradation is variable based on the efficiency of the algorithms used. Therefore, the more sessions in use on an application server instance, the poorer the performance. This is one of the reasons you want to choose a load balancing algorithm that evenly distributes load across all instances and ultimately why lots of little web servers scaled out offer better performance than a few, scaled up web servers.
Now, when you apply persistence to the load balancing equation it essentially interrupts the normal operation of the algorithm, ignoring it. That’s the way it’s supposed to work: the algorithm essentially applies only to requests until a server-side session (state) is established and thereafter (when the session has been created) you want the end-user to interact with the same server to ensure consistent and expected application behavior. For example, consider this solution note for BIG-IP. Note that this is true of all load balancing services:
A persistence profile allows a returning client to connect directly to the server to which it last connected. In some cases, assigning a persistence profile to a virtual server can create the appearance that the BIG-IP system is incorrectly distributing more requests to a particular server. However, when you enable a persistence profile for a virtual server, a returning client is allowed to bypass the load balancing method and connect directly to the pool member. As a result, the traffic load across pool members may be uneven, especially if the persistence profile is configured with a high timeout value.
So far so good. The problem with round robin- – and reason I’m picking on Round Robin specifically - is that round robin is pretty, well, dumb in its decision making. It doesn’t factor anything into its decision regarding which instance gets the next request. It’s as simple as “next in line\", period. Depending on the number of users and at what point a session is created, this can lead to scenarios in which the majority of sessions are created on just a few instances. The result is a couple of overwhelmed instances (with performance degradations commensurate with the reduction in available resources) and a bunch of barely touched instances. The smaller the pool of instances, the more likely it is that a small number of servers will be disproportionately burdened. Again, lots of little (virtual) web servers scales out more evenly and efficiently than a few big (virtual) web servers.
Assuming a pool of similarly-capable instances (RAM and CPU about equal on all) there are other load balancing algorithms that should be considered more appropriate for use in conjunction with persistence-based load balancing configurations. Least connections should provide better distribution, although the assumption that an active connection is equivalent to the number of sessions currently in memory on the application server could prove to be incorrect at some point, leading to the same situation as would be the case with the choice of round robin. It is still a better option, but not an infallible one. Fastest response time is likely a better indicator of capacity as we know that responses times increase along with resource consumption, thus a faster responding instance is likely (but not guaranteed) to have more capacity available. Again, this algorithm in conjunction with persistence is not a panacea.
Better options for a load balancing algorithm include those that are application aware; that is, algorithms that can factor into the decision making process the current load on the application instance and thus direct requests toward less burdened instances, resulting in a more even distribution of load across available instances.
NON-ALGORITHMIC SOLUTIONS
There are also non-algorithmic, i.e. architectural, solutions that can address this issue.
DIVIDE and CONQUER
In cloud computing environments, where it is less likely to find available algorithms other than industry standard (none of which are application-aware), it may be necessary to approach the problem with a divide and conquer strategy, i.e. lots of little servers. Rather than choosing one or two “large” instances, choose to scale out with four or five “small” instances, thus providing a better (but not guaranteed) statistical chance of load being distributed more evenly across instances.
FLANKING STRATEGY
If the option is available, an architectural “flanking” strategy that leverages layer 7 load balancing, a.k.a. content/application switching, will also provide better consumptive rates as well as more consistent performance. An architectural strategy of this sort is in line with sharding practices at the data layer in that it separates out by some attribute different kinds of content and serves that content from separate pools. Thus, image or other static content may come from one pool of resources while session-oriented, process intensive dynamic content may come from another pool. This allows different strategies – and algorithms – to be used simultaneously without sacrificing the notion of a single point of entry through which all users interact on the client-side.
Regardless of how you choose to address the potential impact on capacity, it is important to recognize the intimate relationship between infrastructure services and applications. A more integrated architectural approach to application delivery can result in a much more efficient and better performing application. Understanding the relationship between delivery services and application performance and capacity can also help improve on operational costs, especially in cloud computing environments that constrain the choices of load balancing algorithms.
The choice of load balancing algorithms can directly impact – for good or ill – the performance, behavior and capacity of applications. Beware making incompatible choices in architecture and algorithms.
One of the most persistent issues encountered when deploying applications in scalable architectures involves sessions and the need for persistence-based (a.k.a. sticky) load balancing services to maintain state for the duration of an end-user’s session. It is common enough that even the rudimentary load balancing services offered by cloud computing providers such as Amazon include the option to enable persistence-based load balancing. While the use of persistence addresses the problem of maintaining session state, it introduces other operational issues that must also be addressed to ensure consistent operational behavior of load balancing services.
In particular, the use of the Round Robin load balancing algorithm in conjunction with persistence-based load balancing should be discouraged if not outright disallowed.
ROUND ROBIN + PERSISTENCE –> POTENTIALLY UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION of LOAD
When scaling applications there are two primary concerns: concurrent user capacity and performance. These two concerns are interrelated in that as capacity is consumed, performance degrades. This is particularly true of applications storing state as each request requires that the application server perform a lookup to retrieve the user session. The more sessions stored, the longer it takes to find and retrieve the session. The exactly efficiency of such lookups is determined by the underlying storage data structure and algorithm used to search the structure for the appropriate session. If you remember your undergraduate classes in data structures and computing Big (O) you’ll remember that some structures scale more efficiently in terms of performance than do others. The general rule of thumb, however, is that the more data stored, the longer the lookup. Only the amount of degradation is variable based on the efficiency of the algorithms used. Therefore, the more sessions in use on an application server instance, the poorer the performance. This is one of the reasons you want to choose a load balancing algorithm that evenly distributes load across all instances and ultimately why lots of little web servers scaled out offer better performance than a few, scaled up web servers.
Now, when you apply persistence to the load balancing equation it essentially interrupts the normal operation of the algorithm, ignoring it. That’s the way it’s supposed to work: the algorithm essentially applies only to requests until a server-side session (state) is established and thereafter (when the session has been created) you want the end-user to interact with the same server to ensure consistent and expected application behavior. For example, consider this solution note for BIG-IP. Note that this is true of all load balancing services:
A persistence profile allows a returning client to connect directly to the server to which it last connected. In some cases, assigning a persistence profile to a virtual server can create the appearance that the BIG-IP system is incorrectly distributing more requests to a particular server. However, when you enable a persistence profile for a virtual server, a returning client is allowed to bypass the load balancing method and connect directly to the pool member. As a result, the traffic load across pool members may be uneven, especially if the persistence profile is configured with a high timeout value.
So far so good. The problem with round robin- – and reason I’m picking on Round Robin specifically - is that round robin is pretty, well, dumb in its decision making. It doesn’t factor anything into its decision regarding which instance gets the next request. It’s as simple as “next in line\", period. Depending on the number of users and at what point a session is created, this can lead to scenarios in which the majority of sessions are created on just a few instances. The result is a couple of overwhelmed instances (with performance degradations commensurate with the reduction in available resources) and a bunch of barely touched instances. The smaller the pool of instances, the more likely it is that a small number of servers will be disproportionately burdened. Again, lots of little (virtual) web servers scales out more evenly and efficiently than a few big (virtual) web servers.
Assuming a pool of similarly-capable instances (RAM and CPU about equal on all) there are other load balancing algorithms that should be considered more appropriate for use in conjunction with persistence-based load balancing configurations. Least connections should provide better distribution, although the assumption that an active connection is equivalent to the number of sessions currently in memory on the application server could prove to be incorrect at some point, leading to the same situation as would be the case with the choice of round robin. It is still a better option, but not an infallible one. Fastest response time is likely a better indicator of capacity as we know that responses times increase along with resource consumption, thus a faster responding instance is likely (but not guaranteed) to have more capacity available. Again, this algorithm in conjunction with persistence is not a panacea.
Better options for a load balancing algorithm include those that are application aware; that is, algorithms that can factor into the decision making process the current load on the application instance and thus direct requests toward less burdened instances, resulting in a more even distribution of load across available instances.
NON-ALGORITHMIC SOLUTIONS
There are also non-algorithmic, i.e. architectural, solutions that can address this issue.
DIVIDE and CONQUER
In cloud computing environments, where it is less likely to find available algorithms other than industry standard (none of which are application-aware), it may be necessary to approach the problem with a divide and conquer strategy, i.e. lots of little servers. Rather than choosing one or two “large” instances, choose to scale out with four or five “small” instances, thus providing a better (but not guaranteed) statistical chance of load being distributed more evenly across instances.
FLANKING STRATEGY
If the option is available, an architectural “flanking” strategy that leverages layer 7 load balancing, a.k.a. content/application switching, will also provide better consumptive rates as well as more consistent performance. An architectural strategy of this sort is in line with sharding practices at the data layer in that it separates out by some attribute different kinds of content and serves that content from separate pools. Thus, image or other static content may come from one pool of resources while session-oriented, process intensive dynamic content may come from another pool. This allows different strategies – and algorithms – to be used simultaneously without sacrificing the notion of a single point of entry through which all users interact on the client-side.
Regardless of how you choose to address the potential impact on capacity, it is important to recognize the intimate relationship between infrastructure services and applications. A more integrated architectural approach to application delivery can result in a much more efficient and better performing application. Understanding the relationship between delivery services and application performance and capacity can also help improve on operational costs, especially in cloud computing environments that constrain the choices of load balancing algorithms.
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I like your article thank you.\nI have a VIP with persistance enabled. The pool memebers and when 1 goes down, the site becomes unresponsive I think that his has to do with source_addr persistence + Round Robin
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