This article explains an advanced configuration of F5 BIG-IP behind Azure LB when running in Active/Standby mode and using the Floating IP option for forwarding traffic.
This is intended to be a sequel to a previous article I read, but did not author, titled Transparent Load Balancing in Azure. If you read the previous article, you may see I’ve left a comment that briefly describes some necessary details left out of the original article.
This article covers an advanced scenario for running an Active/Standby BIG-IP pair behind Azure LB. Read and follow these instructions; all of the following conditions are met:
You want to run 2x BIG-IP devices in Active/Standby configuration
You plan to use Azure LB to provide High Availability (HA), as opposed to other methods like DNS or the Cloud Failover Extension
Your intention is to have your BIG-IP’s Virtual Server IP address (VIP) be the same as the frontend ipconfig on the Azure LB.
You have checked the “Floating IP” checkbox on your Azure LB rule that forwards traffic to BIG-IP
Options for High Availability (HA) of Network Virtual Appliances (NVA’s) in Azure
This article does not cover the advantages and disadvantages of different methods to achieve HA in Azure. There are multiple approaches:
Azure Load Balancer. This approach uses a simple, L4 load balancer in Azure to disaggregate traffic across multiple devices.
Active/Standby, Active/Active, or multiple standalone devices are options here.
This article focuses on a scenario using Active/Standby BIG-IP devices behind Azure LB, when the “Floating IP” checkbox is checked on the Azure LB rule.
F5 Cloud Failover Extension (CFE). This automation approach uses software on the BIG-IP device to ensure High Availability across devices that are Active/Standby, without requiring Azure LB.
It can move IP addresses between Azure network interfaces (emulating Gratuitous ARP that happens on-prem)
It can update a route table to ensure the default route (0.0.0.0/0) for a subnet sends response traffic to remote clients back via the active BIG-IP.
It can update a route table to point an entire CIDR block dedicated for VIPs at the active device. This is also referred to as an “alien range” approach.
DNS Load Balancing. A simple method for High Availability between devices is using DNS and multiple standalone appliances. However DNS load balancing within a local site is not common (although GSLB is a common practice across geographic regions)
Other approaches. Azure offers a Gateway Load Balancer that F5 supports but this requires advanced knowledge, and you might even consider BGP in some cloud scenarios. These are out of scope for this article.
Common Architecture of Azure LB with BIG-IP pair
The most common way to run Active/Standby BIG-IP devices behind Azure LB looks like the following diagram.
Notice that the BIG-IP devices are in Active/Standby mode, and Azure LB is simply a Layer-4 traffic disaggregator.
Taking a closer look at IP addressing with this common architecture
Let’s take a look at where we configure IP addresses based on the most common approach:
Notice that Destination NAT occurs by default at Azure LB, and at BIG-IP.
There’s a few things here that sometimes confuse the first-time cloud admin:
this solution requires 2x IP addresses for every Virtual Server on BIG-IP.
You could create 2 separate VS’s, each with 1 IP address.
You could also create a single VS with 2x IP’s using Shared Address lists, or your Virtual Address could be a /30 range. Either way, it’s different than what you’re accustomed to on-prem.
this means IP addresses will get used up twice as fast as we’re accustomed to multiple destination NAT’s can sometimes confuse app owners (although normally a network admin has no problem understanding this)
When and why to use Azure LB’s “Floating IP” option
The floating IP checkbox on your Azure LB rule could be understood as telling Azure LB: “do not perform Destination NAT for this traffic”. This is similar to F5’s nPath (aka asymmetric, or Direct Server Return) architecture.
Notice that you can disable DNAT at Azure LB (and at F5 BIG-IP if desired).
Why would you configure as above?
No destination NAT at Azure LB can make overall IP addressing easier
1x IP Address on your BIG-IP VIP is more like on-prem config we are familiar with
How to configure BIG-IP when “Floating IP” is used
The previous option is an alternative approach, but it requires a semi-advanced workaround for Azure health checks. It’s important to understand this workaround and if you don’t, just stick with the common approach outlined first in this article.
If you use Floating IP with your Azure LB rule, health probes from Azure LB will target the primary ipconfig on the Azure NIC. In BIG-IP, that’s your Self IP. And your Self IP will always respond healthy if it is probed, even on the Standby device (of course, port lockdown settings on Self IP’s must allow health checks).
Put another way: your Standby BIG-IP will respond as healthy to Azure LB, and Azure LB will send data plane traffic to it. This will cause problems, so we must make our Standby BIG-IP “unhealthy” in Azure LB.
Enter VIP targeting and iRules. Do this:
Create LB rule on Azure LB sending traffic to the primary ipconfig on the dataplane NIC on the BIG-IP devices.
Configure a health probe for this rule. A HTTP health check with default settings is fine.
Create an iRule on BIG-IP:
when HTTP_REQUEST {
HTTP::respond 200 content "device is active"
}
Create a VIP called /Common/unroutable_vip and give it an IP address of 255.255.255.254. Attach the iRule from the previous step. This VIP will only be reachable on the Active device, and is not routable from outside of BIG-IP.
Create another iRule:
when HTTP_REQUEST {
virtual /Common/unroutable_vip
}
On BIG-IP Device 1, create a VIP with the same IP addresses as the Self IP. This is allowed. Listen on port 80, add HTTP profile, and attach the above iRule.
On BIG-IP Device 2, notice that the VIP created in the above step is not sync’d to Device 2. Repeat the above step with a VIP created on the same IP address as the Self IP.
Now, your Azure LB will health check both devices, sending HTTP health checks to both devices and hitting the VIP’s you created on the Self IP’s. However, only the active device will successfully forward traffic to this VIP called “unroutable” and the Standby device will fail to do this. This means that Azure LB will believe that the Active is health and the Standby is down.
Don’t forget you’ll need the Enable IP Forwarding checkbox checked on your BIG-IP’s interfaces in the Azure portal.
Conclusion
If all of the above makes sense, feel free to use Azure LB’s Floating IP checkbox on your Azure LB rules so that you can have the benefits of our last diagram. They are operational benefits only (fewer IP addresses used, potentially easier to understand for operators) but there is no functional or performance benefit to this method (no performance benefits or features/functionality enabled).
Thanks for reading, and please ask questions via comments or message me directly using this website.
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Customers frequently ask, as poster CodeIT did:
\n
\n
\"I am wondering what the effect of writing more elaborate iRules will have on the F5’s memory and processor. Is there a way to predict the effect on the F5’s resources for a given rule and traffic load?\"
\n
\n
In this article, I'll show you how to collect and interpret iRule runtime statistics to determine whether one version of a rule is more efficient than another, or to estimate a theoretical maximum number of connections possible for an iRule running on your LTM.
\n
(Props to unRuleY, a1l0s2k9, citizenelah, Joe, acarandang, and stephengun for insightful posts on this topic.)
\n
Collecting Statistics
\n
To generate & collect runtime statistics, you can insert the command \"timing on\" into your iRule. When you run traffic through your iRule with timing enabled, LTM will keep track of how many CPU cycles are spent evaluating each iRule event. You can enable rule timing for the entire iRule, or only for specific events.
\n
To enable timing for the entire iRule, insert the \"timing on\" command at the top of the rule before the first \"when EVENT_NAME\" clause. Here's an example enabling timing for all events in a rule:
\n
rule my_fast_rule {\n timing on\n when HTTP_REQUEST {\n # Do some stuff\n }\n }
\n
To enable iRule timing for only a specific event, insert the \"timing on\" command between the \"when EVENT_NAME\" declaration and the open curly brace. Here's an example enabling timing for only a specific event:
\n
rule my_slow_rule {\n when HTTP_REQUEST timing on {\n # Do some other stuff\n }\n }
\n
(See the timing command documentation for more details on timing only selected events by toggling timing on & off.)
\n
With the timing command in place, each time the rule is evaluated, LTM will collect the timing information for the requested events.
\n
To get a decent average for each of the events, you'll want to run at least a couple thousand iterations of the iRule under the anticipated production load. For http traffic I generally do this with apache bench (ab) from the BIG-IP command line, though you can use netcat and other linux tools as well for non-http traffic.
\n
Viewing Statistics
\n
The statistics for your iRule (as measured in CPU cycles) may be viewed at the command line or console by running
\n
\n
tmsh ltm rule rule_name show all
\n
\n
The output includes totals for executions, failures & aborts along with minimum, average & maximum cycles consumed for each event since stats were last cleared.
If you use the iRules Editor , you can instead view the same stats on the Statistics tab of the Properties dialog. (Double-click on the iRule in the left pane to open the Properties dialog.)
\n
Evaluating statistics
\n
Average cycles reported is the most useful metric of real-world performance, assuming a large representative load sample was evaluated.
\n
The maximum cycles reported is often very large since it includes some one-time and periodic system overhead. (More on that below.)
\n
The iRules Runtime Calculator Excel spreadsheet will calculate percentage of CPU load per iteration once you populate it with your clock speed and the statistics gathered with the \"timing\" command. (Clock speed can be found by running 'cat /proc/cpuinfo' at the command line.) Or if you are not a glutton for manual punishment, you can generate that spreadsheet automatically with iControl REST via the F5 Python SDK and the XlsxWriter module .
\n
Caveats
\n
Timing is intended to be used only as an optimization/debug tool, and does have a small impact on performance, so don't leave it turned on indefinitely.
\n
Timing functionality seems to exhibit a 70 - 100 cycle margin of error.
\n
Use average cycles for most analyses. Maximum cycles is not always an accurate indicator of actual iRule performance, as the very first call a newly edited iRule includes the cycles consumed for compile-time optimizations, which will be reflected in an inflated maximum cycles value. The simple solution to this is to wait until the first time the rule is hit, then reset the statistics.
\n
To reset statistics at the command line:
\n
\n
tmsh ltm rule [rule_name | all] stats reset
\n
or \"Reset Statistics\" in the Statistics tab of the iRules Editor.
\n
\n
However, maximum cycles is also somewhat inflated by OS scheduling overhead incurred at least once per tick, so the max value is often overstated even if stats are cleared after compilation.
Using python to test performance and insert resulting data in iRules headers
\n\n
Note: This article authored by Deb Allen, reprinted and updated here for inclusion in new article series.
","body@stringLength":"7194","rawBody":"
Customers frequently ask, as poster CodeIT did:
\n
\n
\"I am wondering what the effect of writing more elaborate iRules will have on the F5’s memory and processor. Is there a way to predict the effect on the F5’s resources for a given rule and traffic load?\"
\n
\n
In this article, I'll show you how to collect and interpret iRule runtime statistics to determine whether one version of a rule is more efficient than another, or to estimate a theoretical maximum number of connections possible for an iRule running on your LTM.
\n
(Props to unRuleY, a1l0s2k9, citizenelah, Joe, acarandang, and stephengun for insightful posts on this topic.)
\n
Collecting Statistics
\n
To generate & collect runtime statistics, you can insert the command \"timing on\" into your iRule. When you run traffic through your iRule with timing enabled, LTM will keep track of how many CPU cycles are spent evaluating each iRule event. You can enable rule timing for the entire iRule, or only for specific events.
\n
To enable timing for the entire iRule, insert the \"timing on\" command at the top of the rule before the first \"when EVENT_NAME\" clause. Here's an example enabling timing for all events in a rule:
\n
rule my_fast_rule {\n timing on\n when HTTP_REQUEST {\n # Do some stuff\n }\n }
\n
To enable iRule timing for only a specific event, insert the \"timing on\" command between the \"when EVENT_NAME\" declaration and the open curly brace. Here's an example enabling timing for only a specific event:
\n
rule my_slow_rule {\n when HTTP_REQUEST timing on {\n # Do some other stuff\n }\n }
\n
(See the timing command documentation for more details on timing only selected events by toggling timing on & off.)
\n
With the timing command in place, each time the rule is evaluated, LTM will collect the timing information for the requested events.
\n
To get a decent average for each of the events, you'll want to run at least a couple thousand iterations of the iRule under the anticipated production load. For http traffic I generally do this with apache bench (ab) from the BIG-IP command line, though you can use netcat and other linux tools as well for non-http traffic.
\n
Viewing Statistics
\n
The statistics for your iRule (as measured in CPU cycles) may be viewed at the command line or console by running
\n
\ntmsh ltm rule rule_name show all\n
\n
The output includes totals for executions, failures & aborts along with minimum, average & maximum cycles consumed for each event since stats were last cleared.
If you use the iRules Editor , you can instead view the same stats on the Statistics tab of the Properties dialog. (Double-click on the iRule in the left pane to open the Properties dialog.)
\n
Evaluating statistics
\n
Average cycles reported is the most useful metric of real-world performance, assuming a large representative load sample was evaluated.
\n
The maximum cycles reported is often very large since it includes some one-time and periodic system overhead. (More on that below.)
\n
The iRules Runtime Calculator Excel spreadsheet will calculate percentage of CPU load per iteration once you populate it with your clock speed and the statistics gathered with the \"timing\" command. (Clock speed can be found by running 'cat /proc/cpuinfo' at the command line.) Or if you are not a glutton for manual punishment, you can generate that spreadsheet automatically with iControl REST via the F5 Python SDK and the XlsxWriter module .
\n
Caveats
\n
Timing is intended to be used only as an optimization/debug tool, and does have a small impact on performance, so don't leave it turned on indefinitely.
\n
Timing functionality seems to exhibit a 70 - 100 cycle margin of error.
\n
Use average cycles for most analyses. Maximum cycles is not always an accurate indicator of actual iRule performance, as the very first call a newly edited iRule includes the cycles consumed for compile-time optimizations, which will be reflected in an inflated maximum cycles value. The simple solution to this is to wait until the first time the rule is hit, then reset the statistics.
\n
To reset statistics at the command line:
\n
\ntmsh ltm rule [rule_name | all] stats reset\n
or \"Reset Statistics\" in the Statistics tab of the iRules Editor.
\n
\n
However, maximum cycles is also somewhat inflated by OS scheduling overhead incurred at least once per tick, so the max value is often overstated even if stats are cleared after compilation.
Using python to test performance and insert resulting data in iRules headers
\n\n
Note: This article authored by Deb Allen, reprinted and updated here for inclusion in new article series.
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