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Solving for true-source IP with global load balancers in Google Cloud
Background Recently a customer approached us with requirements that may seem contradictory: true source IP persistence, global distribution of load balancers (LB's), TCP-only proxying, and alias IP ranges in Google Cloud. With the help of PROXY protocol support, we offered a straightforward solution that is worth documenting for others. Customer requirements We have NGINX WAF running on VM instances in Google Cloud Platform (GCP) We want to expose these to the Internet with a global load balancer We must know the true source IP of clients when traffic reaches our WAF We do not want so use an application (HTTP/S) load balancer in Google. i.e., we do not want to perform TLS decryption with GCP or use HTTP/HTTPS load balancing therefore, we cannot use X-Forwarded-For headers to preserve true source IP Additionally, we'd like to use Cloud Armor. How can we add on a CDN/DDoS/etc provider if needed? Let's solve for these requirements by finding the load balancer to use, and then how to preserve and use true source IP. Which load balancer type fits best? This guide outlines our options for Google LB’s. Because our requirements include global, TCP-only load balancing, we will choose the highlighted LB type of “Global external proxy Network Load Balancer”. Proxy vs Passthrough Notice that global LB’s proxy traffic. They do not preserve source IP address as a passthrough LB does. Global IP addresses are advertised from multiple, globally-distributed front end locations, using Anycast IP routing. Proxying from these locations allows traffic symmetry, but Source NAT causes loss of the original client IP address. I've added some comments into a Google diagram below to show our core problem here: PROXY protocol support with Google load balancers Google’s TCP LB documentation outlines our challenge and solution: "By default, the target proxy does not preserve the original client IP address and port information. You can preserve this information by enabling the PROXY protocol on the target proxy." Without PROXY protocol support, we could only meet 2 out of 3 core requirements with any given load balancer type. PROXY protocol allows us to meet all 3 simultaneously. Setting up our environment in Google The script below configures a global TCP proxy network load balancer and associated objects. It is assumed that a VPC network, subnet, and VM instances exist already. This script assumes the VM’s are F5 BIG-IP devices, although our demo will use Ubuntu VM’s with NGINX installed. Both BIG-IP and NGINX can easily receive and parse PROXY protocol. # GCP Environment Setup Guide for Global TCP Proxy LB with Proxy Protocol. Credit to Tony Marfil, @tmarfil # Step 1: Prerequisites # Before creating the network endpoint group, ensure the following GCP resources are already configured: # # -A VPC network named my-vpc. # -A subnet within this network named outside. # -Instances ubuntu1 and ubuntu2 should have alias IP addresses configured: 10.1.2.16 and 10.1.2.17, respectively, both using port 80 and 443. # # Now, create a network endpoint group f5-neg1 in the us-east4-c zone with the default port 443. gcloud compute network-endpoint-groups create f5-neg1 \ --zone=us-east4-c \ --network=my-vpc \ --subnet=outside \ --default-port=443 # Step 2: Update the Network Endpoint Group # # Add two instances with specified IPs to the f5-neg1 group. gcloud compute network-endpoint-groups update f5-neg1 \ --zone=us-east4-c \ --add-endpoint 'instance=ubuntu1,ip=10.1.2.16,port=443' \ --add-endpoint 'instance=ubuntu2,ip=10.1.2.17,port=443' # Step 3: Create a Health Check # # Set up an HTTP health check f5-healthcheck1 that uses the serving port. gcloud compute health-checks create http f5-healthcheck1 \ --use-serving-port # Step 4: Create a Backend Service # # Configure a global backend service f5-backendservice1 with TCP protocol and attach the earlier health check. gcloud compute backend-services create f5-backendservice1 \ --global \ --health-checks=f5-healthcheck1 \ --protocol=TCP # Step 5: Add Backend to the Backend Service # # Link the network endpoint group f5-neg1 to the backend service. gcloud compute backend-services add-backend f5-backendservice1 \ --global \ --network-endpoint-group=f5-neg1 \ --network-endpoint-group-zone=us-east4-c \ --balancing-mode=CONNECTION \ --max-connections=1000 # Step 6: Create a Target TCP Proxy # # Create a global target TCP proxy f5-tcpproxy1 to handle routing to f5-backendservice1. gcloud compute target-tcp-proxies create f5-tcpproxy1 \ --backend-service=f5-backendservice1 \ --proxy-header=PROXY_V1 \ --global # Step 7: Create a Forwarding Rule # # Establish global forwarding rules for TCP traffic on port 80 & 443. gcloud compute forwarding-rules create f5-tcp-forwardingrule1 \ --ip-protocol TCP \ --ports=80 \ --global \ --target-tcp-proxy=f5-tcpproxy1 gcloud compute forwarding-rules create f5-tcp-forwardingrule2 \ --ip-protocol TCP \ --ports=443 \ --global \ --target-tcp-proxy=f5-tcpproxy1 # Step 8: Create a Firewall Rule # # Allow ingress traffic on specific ports for health checks with the rule allow-lb-health-checks. gcloud compute firewall-rules create allow-lb-health-checks \ --direction=INGRESS \ --priority=1000 \ --network=my-vpc \ --action=ALLOW \ --rules=tcp:80,tcp:443,tcp:8080,icmp \ --source-ranges=35.191.0.0/16,130.211.0.0/22 \ --target-tags=allow-health-checks # Step 9: Add Tags to Instances # # Tag instances ubuntu1 and ubuntu2 to include them in health checks. gcloud compute instances add-tags ubuntu1 --tags=allow-health-checks --zone=us-east4-c gcloud compute instances add-tags ubuntu2 --tags=allow-health-checks --zone=us-east4-c ## TO PULL THIS ALL DOWN: (uncomment the lines below) # gcloud compute firewall-rules delete allow-lb-health-checks --quiet # gcloud compute forwarding-rules delete f5-tcp-forwardingrule1 --global --quiet # gcloud compute forwarding-rules delete f5-tcp-forwardingrule2 --global --quiet # gcloud compute target-tcp-proxies delete f5-tcpproxy1 --global --quiet # gcloud compute backend-services delete f5-backendservice1 --global --quiet # gcloud compute health-checks delete f5-healthcheck1 --quiet # gcloud compute network-endpoint-groups delete f5-neg1 --zone=us-east4-c --quiet # # Then delete your VM's and VPC network if desired. Receiving PROXY protocol using NGINX We now have 2x Ubuntu VM's running in GCP that will receive traffic when we target our global TCP proxy LB's IP address. Let’s use NGINX to receive and parse the PROXY protocol traffic. When proxying and "stripping" the PROXY protocol headers from traffic, NGINX can append an additional header containing the value of the source IP obtained from PROXY protocol: server { listen 80 proxy_protocol; # tell NGINX to expect traffic with PROXY protocol server_name customer1.my-f5.com; location / { proxy_pass http://localhost:3000; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_set_header x-nginx-ip $server_addr; # append a header to pass the IP address of the NGINX server proxy_set_header x-proxy-protocol-source-ip $proxy_protocol_addr; # append a header to pass the src IP address obtained from PROXY protocol proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; # append a header to pass the src IP of the connection between Google's front end LB and NGINX proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade; } } Displaying true source IP in our web app You might notice above that NGINX is proxying to http://localhost:3000. I have a simple NodeJS app to display a page with HTTP headers: const express = require('express'); const app = express(); const port = 3000; // set the view engine to ejs app.set('view engine', 'ejs'); app.get('/', (req, res) => { const proxy_protocol_addr = req.headers['x-proxy-protocol-source-ip']; const source_ip_addr = req.headers['x-real-ip']; const array_headers = JSON.stringify(req.headers, null, 2); const nginx_ip_addr = req.headers['x-nginx-ip']; res.render('index', { proxy_protocol_addr: proxy_protocol_addr, source_ip_addr: source_ip_addr, array_headers: array_headers, nginx_ip_addr: nginx_ip_addr }); }) app.listen(port, () => { console.log('Server is listenting on port 3000'); }) For completeness, NodeJS is using the EJS template engine to build our page. The file views/index.ejs is here: <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale-1"> <title>Demo App</title> </head> <body class="container"> <main> <h2>Hello World!</h2> <p>True source IP (the value of <code>$proxy_protocol_addr</code>) is <b><%= typeof proxy_protocol_addr != 'undefined' ? proxy_protocol_addr : '' %></b></p> <p>IP address that NGINX recieved the connection from (the value of <code>$remote_addr</code>) is <b><%= typeof source_ip_addr != 'undefined' ? source_ip_addr : '' %> </b></p> <p>IP address that NGINX is running on (the value of <code>$server_addr</code>) is <b><%= typeof nginx_ip_addr != 'undefined' ? nginx_ip_addr : '' %></b><p> <h3>Request Headers at the app:</h3> <pre><%= typeof array_headers != 'undefined' ? array_headers : '' %></pre> </main> </body> </html> Cloud Armor Cloud Armor is an easy add-on when using Google load balancers. If required, an admin can: Create a Cloud Armor security policy Add rules (for example, rate limiting) to this policy Attach the policy to a TCP load balancer In this way “edge protection” is applied to your Google workloads with little effort. Our end result This small demo app shows that true source IP can be known to an application running on Google VM’s when using the Global TCP Network Load Balancer. We’ve achieved this using PROXY protocol and NGINX. We’ve used NodeJS to display a web page with proxied header values. Thanks for reading. Please reach out with any questions!
MichaelOLeary
May 02, 2024 Place Technical Articles
1.1KViews
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Active/Active load balancing examples with F5 BIG-IP and Azure load balancer
Background A couple years ago I wrote an article about some practical considerations using Azure Load Balancer. Over time it's been used by customers, so I thought to add a further article that specifically discusses Active/Active load balancing options. I'll use Azure's standard load balancer as an example, but you can apply this to other cloud providers. In fact, the customer I helped most recently with this very question was running in Google Cloud. This article focuses on using standard TCP load balancers in the cloud. Why Active/Active? Most customers run 2x BIG-IP's in an Active/Standby cluster on-premises, and it's extremely common to do the same in public cloud. Since simplicity and supportability are key to successful migration projects, often it's best to stick with architectures you know and can support. However, if you are confident in your cloud engineering skills or if you want more than 2x BIG-IP's processing traffic, you may consider running them all Active. Of course, if your total throughput for N number of BIG-IP's exceeds the throughput that N-1 can support, the loss of a single VM will leave you with more traffic than the remaining device(s) can handle. I recommend choosing Active/Active only if you're confident in your purpose and skillset. Let's define Active/Active Sometimes this term is used with ambiguity. I'll cover three approaches using Azure load balancer, each slightly different: multiple standalone devices Sync-Only group using Traffic Group None Sync-Failover group using Traffic Group None Each of these will use a standard TCP cloud load balancer. This article does not cover other ways to run multiple Active devices, which I've outlined at the end for completeness. Multiple standalone appliances This is a straightforward approach and an ideal target for cloud architectures. When multiple devices each receive and process traffic independently, the overhead work of disaggregating traffic to spread between the devices can be done by other solutions, like a cloud load balancer. (Other out-of-scope solutions could be ECMP, BGP, DNS load balancing, or gateway load balancers). Scaling out horizontally can be a matter of simple automation and there is no cluster configuration to maintain. The only limit to the number of BIG-IP's will be any limits of the cloud load balancer. The main disadvantage to this approach is the fear of misconfiguration by human operators. Often a customer is not confident that they can configure two separate devices consistently over time. This is why automation for configuration management is ideal. In the real world, it's also a reason customers consider our next approach. Clustering with a sync-only group A Sync-Only device group allows us to sync some configuration data between devices, but not fail over configuration objects in floating traffic groups between devices, as we would in a Sync-Failover group. With this approach, we can sync traffic objects between devices, assign them to Traffic Group None, and both devices will be considered Active. Both devices will process traffic, but changes only need to be made to a single device in the group. In the example pictured above: The 2x BIG-IP devices are in a Sync-Only group called syncGroup /Common partition is not synced between devices /app1 partition is synced between devices the /app1 partition has Traffic Group None selected the /app1 partition has the Sync-Only group syncGroup selected Both devices are Active and will process traffic received on Traffic Group None The disadvantage to this approach is that you can create an invalid configuration by referring to objects that are not synced. For example, if Nodes are created in /Common, they will exist on the device on which they were created, but not on other devices. If a Pool in /app1 then references Nodes from /Common, the resulting configuration will be invalid for devices that do not have these Nodes configured. Another consideration is that an operator must use and understand partitions. These are simple and should be embraced. However, not all customers understand the use of partitions and many prefer to use /Common only, if possible. The big advantage here is that changes only need to be made on a single device, and they will be replicated to other devices (up to 32 devices in a Sync-Only group). The risk of inconsistent configuration due to human error is reduced. Each device has a small green "Active" icon in the top left hand of the console, reminding operators that each device is Active and will process incoming traffic on Traffic Group None. Failover clustering using Traffic Group None Our third approach is very similar to our second approach. However, instead of a Sync-Only group, we will use a Sync-Failover group. A Sync-Failover group will sync all traffic objects in the default /Common partition, allowing us to keep all traffic objects in the default partition and avoid the use of additional partitions. This creates a traditional Active/Standby pair for a failover traffic group, and a Standby device will not respond to data plane traffic. So how do we make this Active/Active? When we create our VIPs in Traffic Group None, all devices will process traffic received on these Virtual Servers. One device will show "Active" and the other "Standby" in their console, but this is only the status for the floating traffic group. We don't need to use the floating traffic group, and by using Traffic Group None we have an Active/Active configuration in terms of traffic flow. The advantage here is similar to the previous example: human operators only need to configure objects in a single device, and all changes are synced between device group members (up to 8 in a Sync-Failover group). Another advantage is that you can use the /Common partition, which was not possible with the previous example. The main disadvantage here is that the console will show the word "Active" and "Standby" on devices, and this can confuse an operator that is familiar only with Active/Standby clusters using traffic groups for failover. While this third approach is a very legitimate approach and technically sound, it's worth considering if your daily operations and support teams have the knowledge to support this. Other considerations Source NAT (SNAT) It is almost always a requirement that you SNAT traffic when using Active/Active architecture, and this especially applies to the public cloud, where our options for other networking tricks are limited. If you have a requirement to see true source IP and need to use multiple devices in Active/Active fashion, consider using Azure or AWS Gateway Load Balancer options. Alternative solutions like NGINX and F5 Distributed Cloud may also be worth considering in high-value, hard-requirement situations. Alternatives to a cloud load balancer This article is not referring to F5 with Azure Gateway Load Balancer, or to F5 with AWS Gateway Load Balancer. Those gateway load balancer solutions are another way for customers to run appliances as multiple standalone devices in the cloud. However, they typically require routing, not proxying the traffic (ie, they don't allow destination NAT, which many customers intend with BIG-IP). This article is also not referring to other ways you might achieve Active/Active architectures, such as DNS-based high availability, or using routing protocols, like BGP or ECMP. Note that using multiple traffic groups to achieve Active/Active BIG-IP's - the traditional approach on-prem or in private cloud - is not practical in public cloud, as briefly outlined below. Failover of traffic groups with Cloud Failover Extension (CFE) One option for Active/Standby high availability of BIG-IP is to use the CFE , which can programmatically update IP addresses and routes in Azure at time of device failure. Since CFE does not support Active/Active scenarios, it is appropriate only for failover of a single traffic group (ie., Active/Standby). Conclusion Thanks for reading! In general I see that Active/Standby solutions work for many customers, but if you are confident in your skills and have a need for Active/Active F5 BIG-IP devices in the cloud, please reach out if you'd like me to walk you through these options and explore any other possibilities. Related articles Practical Considerations using F5 BIG-IP and Azure Load Balancer Deploying F5 BIG-IP with Azure Cross-Region Load Balancer
MichaelOLeary
Mar 06, 2024 Place Technical Articles
2KViews
2likes
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Cookie Tampering Protection using F5 Distributed Cloud Platform
This article aims to cover the basics of cookies and then showed how intruders can tamper cookies to modify application behavior. Finally, we also showcased how F5 XC cookie tampering protection can be used to safeguard our sensitive cookie workloads.
Janibasha
Feb 28, 2024 Place Technical Articles
432Views
1like
0Comments

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With the help of PROXY protocol support, we offered a straightforward solution that is worth documenting for others. \n Customer requirements \n \n We have NGINX WAF running on VM instances in Google Cloud Platform (GCP) \n We want to expose these to the Internet with a global load balancer \n We must know the true source IP of clients when traffic reaches our WAF \n We do not want so use an application (HTTP/S) load balancer in Google.\n \n i.e., we do not want to perform TLS decryption with GCP or use HTTP/HTTPS load balancing \n therefore, we cannot use X-Forwarded-For headers to preserve true source IP \n \n \n Additionally, we'd like to use Cloud Armor. How can we add on a CDN/DDoS/etc provider if needed? \n \n Let's solve for these requirements by finding the load balancer to use, and then how to preserve and use true source IP. \n Which load balancer type fits best? \n This guide outlines our options for Google LB’s. Because our requirements include global, TCP-only load balancing, we will choose the highlighted LB type of “Global external proxy Network Load Balancer”. \n \n Proxy vs Passthrough \n Notice that global LB’s proxy traffic. They do not preserve source IP address as a passthrough LB does. Global IP addresses are advertised from multiple, globally-distributed front end locations, using Anycast IP routing. \n Proxying from these locations allows traffic symmetry, but Source NAT causes loss of the original client IP address. I've added some comments into a Google diagram below to show our core problem here: \n \n PROXY protocol support with Google load balancers \n Google’s TCP LB documentation outlines our challenge and solution: \n \n \"By default, the target proxy does not preserve the original client IP address and port information. You can preserve this information by enabling the PROXY protocol on the target proxy.\" \n \n Without PROXY protocol support, we could only meet 2 out of 3 core requirements with any given load balancer type. PROXY protocol allows us to meet all 3 simultaneously. \n \n Setting up our environment in Google \n The script below configures a global TCP proxy network load balancer and associated objects. It is assumed that a VPC network, subnet, and VM instances exist already. \n This script assumes the VM’s are F5 BIG-IP devices, although our demo will use Ubuntu VM’s with NGINX installed. Both BIG-IP and NGINX can easily receive and parse PROXY protocol. \n # GCP Environment Setup Guide for Global TCP Proxy LB with Proxy Protocol. Credit to Tony Marfil, @tmarfil\n\n# Step 1: Prerequisites\n# Before creating the network endpoint group, ensure the following GCP resources are already configured:\n# \n# -A VPC network named my-vpc.\n# -A subnet within this network named outside.\n# -Instances ubuntu1 and ubuntu2 should have alias IP addresses configured: 10.1.2.16 and 10.1.2.17, respectively, both using port 80 and 443.\n# \n# Now, create a network endpoint group f5-neg1 in the us-east4-c zone with the default port 443.\n\ngcloud compute network-endpoint-groups create f5-neg1 \\\n--zone=us-east4-c \\\n--network=my-vpc \\\n--subnet=outside \\\n--default-port=443\n\n# Step 2: Update the Network Endpoint Group\n# \n# Add two instances with specified IPs to the f5-neg1 group.\n\ngcloud compute network-endpoint-groups update f5-neg1 \\\n--zone=us-east4-c \\\n--add-endpoint 'instance=ubuntu1,ip=10.1.2.16,port=443' \\\n--add-endpoint 'instance=ubuntu2,ip=10.1.2.17,port=443'\n\n# Step 3: Create a Health Check\n# \n# Set up an HTTP health check f5-healthcheck1 that uses the serving port.\n\ngcloud compute health-checks create http f5-healthcheck1 \\\n--use-serving-port\n\n# Step 4: Create a Backend Service\n# \n# Configure a global backend service f5-backendservice1 with TCP protocol and attach the earlier health check.\n\ngcloud compute backend-services create f5-backendservice1 \\\n--global \\\n--health-checks=f5-healthcheck1 \\\n--protocol=TCP \n\n# Step 5: Add Backend to the Backend Service\n# \n# Link the network endpoint group f5-neg1 to the backend service.\n\ngcloud compute backend-services add-backend f5-backendservice1 \\\n --global \\\n --network-endpoint-group=f5-neg1 \\\n --network-endpoint-group-zone=us-east4-c \\\n --balancing-mode=CONNECTION \\\n --max-connections=1000\n\n# Step 6: Create a Target TCP Proxy\n# \n# Create a global target TCP proxy f5-tcpproxy1 to handle routing to f5-backendservice1.\n\ngcloud compute target-tcp-proxies create f5-tcpproxy1 \\\n--backend-service=f5-backendservice1 \\\n--proxy-header=PROXY_V1 \\\n--global\n\n# Step 7: Create a Forwarding Rule\n# \n# Establish global forwarding rules for TCP traffic on port 80 & 443.\n\ngcloud compute forwarding-rules create f5-tcp-forwardingrule1 \\\n--ip-protocol TCP \\\n--ports=80 \\\n--global \\\n--target-tcp-proxy=f5-tcpproxy1\n\ngcloud compute forwarding-rules create f5-tcp-forwardingrule2 \\\n--ip-protocol TCP \\\n--ports=443 \\\n--global \\\n--target-tcp-proxy=f5-tcpproxy1\n\n# Step 8: Create a Firewall Rule\n# \n# Allow ingress traffic on specific ports for health checks with the rule allow-lb-health-checks.\n\ngcloud compute firewall-rules create allow-lb-health-checks \\\n --direction=INGRESS \\\n --priority=1000 \\\n --network=my-vpc \\\n --action=ALLOW \\\n --rules=tcp:80,tcp:443,tcp:8080,icmp \\\n --source-ranges=35.191.0.0/16,130.211.0.0/22 \\\n --target-tags=allow-health-checks\n\n# Step 9: Add Tags to Instances\n# \n# Tag instances ubuntu1 and ubuntu2 to include them in health checks.\n\ngcloud compute instances add-tags ubuntu1 --tags=allow-health-checks --zone=us-east4-c\ngcloud compute instances add-tags ubuntu2 --tags=allow-health-checks --zone=us-east4-c\n\n\n## TO PULL THIS ALL DOWN: (uncomment the lines below)\n# gcloud compute firewall-rules delete allow-lb-health-checks --quiet\n# gcloud compute forwarding-rules delete f5-tcp-forwardingrule1 --global --quiet\n# gcloud compute forwarding-rules delete f5-tcp-forwardingrule2 --global --quiet\n# gcloud compute target-tcp-proxies delete f5-tcpproxy1 --global --quiet\n# gcloud compute backend-services delete f5-backendservice1 --global --quiet\n# gcloud compute health-checks delete f5-healthcheck1 --quiet\n# gcloud compute network-endpoint-groups delete f5-neg1 --zone=us-east4-c --quiet\n#\n# Then delete your VM's and VPC network if desired. \n Receiving PROXY protocol using NGINX \n We now have 2x Ubuntu VM's running in GCP that will receive traffic when we target our global TCP proxy LB's IP address. \n Let’s use NGINX to receive and parse the PROXY protocol traffic. When proxying and \"stripping\" the PROXY protocol headers from traffic, NGINX can append an additional header containing the value of the source IP obtained from PROXY protocol: \n server {\n listen 80 proxy_protocol; # tell NGINX to expect traffic with PROXY protocol\n server_name customer1.my-f5.com;\n\n location / {\n proxy_pass http://localhost:3000;\n proxy_http_version 1.1;\n proxy_set_header x-nginx-ip $server_addr; # append a header to pass the IP address of the NGINX server\n proxy_set_header x-proxy-protocol-source-ip $proxy_protocol_addr; # append a header to pass the src IP address obtained from PROXY protocol\n proxy_set_header Host $host;\n proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; # append a header to pass the src IP of the connection between Google's front end LB and NGINX\n proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;\n }\n} \n Displaying true source IP in our web app \n You might notice above that NGINX is proxying to http://localhost:3000. I have a simple NodeJS app to display a page with HTTP headers: \n const express = require('express');\nconst app = express();\nconst port = 3000;\n\n// set the view engine to ejs\napp.set('view engine', 'ejs');\n\napp.get('/', (req, res) => {\n const proxy_protocol_addr = req.headers['x-proxy-protocol-source-ip'];\n const source_ip_addr = req.headers['x-real-ip'];\n const array_headers = JSON.stringify(req.headers, null, 2);\n const nginx_ip_addr = req.headers['x-nginx-ip'];\n res.render('index', {\n proxy_protocol_addr: proxy_protocol_addr,\n source_ip_addr: source_ip_addr,\n array_headers: array_headers,\n nginx_ip_addr: nginx_ip_addr\n });\n})\napp.listen(port, () => {\n console.log('Server is listenting on port 3000');\n})\n \n For completeness, NodeJS is using the EJS template engine to build our page. The file views/index.ejs is here: \n <!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale-1\">\n <title>Demo App</title>\n</head>\n<body class=\"container\">\n<main>\n <h2>Hello World!</h2>\n <p>True source IP (the value of <code>$proxy_protocol_addr</code>) is <b><%= typeof proxy_protocol_addr != 'undefined' ? proxy_protocol_addr : '' %></b></p>\n <p>IP address that NGINX recieved the connection from (the value of <code>$remote_addr</code>) is <b><%= typeof source_ip_addr != 'undefined' ? source_ip_addr : '' %> </b></p>\n <p>IP address that NGINX is running on (the value of <code>$server_addr</code>) is <b><%= typeof nginx_ip_addr != 'undefined' ? nginx_ip_addr : '' %></b><p>\n <h3>Request Headers at the app:</h3>\n <pre><%= typeof array_headers != 'undefined' ? array_headers : '' %></pre>\n</main>\n</body>\n</html> \n \n Cloud Armor \n Cloud Armor is an easy add-on when using Google load balancers. If required, an admin can: \n \n Create a Cloud Armor security policy \n Add rules (for example, rate limiting) to this policy \n Attach the policy to a TCP load balancer \n In this way “edge protection” is applied to your Google workloads with little effort. \n \n Our end result \n This small demo app shows that true source IP can be known to an application running on Google VM’s when using the Global TCP Network Load Balancer. We’ve achieved this using PROXY protocol and NGINX. We’ve used NodeJS to display a web page with proxied header values. \n \n Thanks for reading. Please reach out with any questions! ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"10462","kudosSumWeight":3,"repliesCount":4,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjkzOTctelNGeHNY?revision=9\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjkzOTctZkdEQmZT?revision=9\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDM","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjkzOTctSUR2aUxi?revision=9\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDQ","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjkzOTctRGxqd1J3?revision=9\"}"}}],"totalCount":4,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:327959":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:327959","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":327959},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2024-07-18T07:10:30.116-07:00","solved":false},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjc5NTktbUpOQWFh?revision=11\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjc5NTktbUpOQWFh?revision=11","title":"Active-Active BIG-IP options - Standalone.png","associationType":"BODY","width":999,"height":994,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjc5NTktbzJ1eXFa?revision=11\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjc5NTktbzJ1eXFa?revision=11","title":"Active-Active BIG-IP options - Sync-only group.png","associationType":"BODY","width":999,"height":994,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjc5NTktYUt6dHRt?revision=11\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjc5NTktYUt6dHRt?revision=11","title":"Capture1.PNG","associationType":"BODY","width":987,"height":852,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjc5NTktRm9vT0Zn?revision=11\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjc5NTktRm9vT0Zn?revision=11","title":"Active-Active BIG-IP options - Sync-Failover group.png","associationType":"BODY","width":1360,"height":994,"altText":""},"TkbTopicMessage:message:327959":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Active/Active load balancing examples with F5 BIG-IP and Azure load balancer","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:327959"},"id":"message:327959","revisionNum":11,"uid":327959,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:242856"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"Multiple standalone devices, or cluster? Let's discuss what is possible and easily supportable in public cloud.","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":2024},"postTime":"2024-03-06T11:45:20.021-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-03-11T12:51:06.562-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Background \n A couple years ago I wrote an article about some practical considerations using Azure Load Balancer. Over time it's been used by customers, so I thought to add a further article that specifically discusses Active/Active load balancing options. \n I'll use Azure's standard load balancer as an example, but you can apply this to other cloud providers. In fact, the customer I helped most recently with this very question was running in Google Cloud. \n This article focuses on using standard TCP load balancers in the cloud. \n Why Active/Active? \n Most customers run 2x BIG-IP's in an Active/Standby cluster on-premises, and it's extremely common to do the same in public cloud. Since simplicity and supportability are key to successful migration projects, often it's best to stick with architectures you know and can support. \n However, if you are confident in your cloud engineering skills or if you want more than 2x BIG-IP's processing traffic, you may consider running them all Active. Of course, if your total throughput for N number of BIG-IP's exceeds the throughput that N-1 can support, the loss of a single VM will leave you with more traffic than the remaining device(s) can handle. I recommend choosing Active/Active only if you're confident in your purpose and skillset. \n Let's define Active/Active \n Sometimes this term is used with ambiguity. I'll cover three approaches using Azure load balancer, each slightly different: \n \n multiple standalone devices \n Sync-Only group using Traffic Group None \n Sync-Failover group using Traffic Group None \n \n Each of these will use a standard TCP cloud load balancer. This article does not cover other ways to run multiple Active devices, which I've outlined at the end for completeness. \n Multiple standalone appliances \n This is a straightforward approach and an ideal target for cloud architectures. When multiple devices each receive and process traffic independently, the overhead work of disaggregating traffic to spread between the devices can be done by other solutions, like a cloud load balancer. (Other out-of-scope solutions could be ECMP, BGP, DNS load balancing, or gateway load balancers). Scaling out horizontally can be a matter of simple automation and there is no cluster configuration to maintain. The only limit to the number of BIG-IP's will be any limits of the cloud load balancer. \n \n The main disadvantage to this approach is the fear of misconfiguration by human operators. Often a customer is not confident that they can configure two separate devices consistently over time. This is why automation for configuration management is ideal. In the real world, it's also a reason customers consider our next approach. \n Clustering with a sync-only group \n A Sync-Only device group allows us to sync some configuration data between devices, but not fail over configuration objects in floating traffic groups between devices, as we would in a Sync-Failover group. With this approach, we can sync traffic objects between devices, assign them to Traffic Group None, and both devices will be considered Active. Both devices will process traffic, but changes only need to be made to a single device in the group. \n \n In the example pictured above: \n \n The 2x BIG-IP devices are in a Sync-Only group called syncGroup \n /Common partition is not synced between devices \n /app1 partition is synced between devices\n \n the /app1 partition has Traffic Group None selected \n the /app1 partition has the Sync-Only group syncGroup selected \n \n \n Both devices are Active and will process traffic received on Traffic Group None \n \n \n The disadvantage to this approach is that you can create an invalid configuration by referring to objects that are not synced. For example, if Nodes are created in /Common, they will exist on the device on which they were created, but not on other devices. If a Pool in /app1 then references Nodes from /Common, the resulting configuration will be invalid for devices that do not have these Nodes configured. \n Another consideration is that an operator must use and understand partitions. These are simple and should be embraced. However, not all customers understand the use of partitions and many prefer to use /Common only, if possible. \n The big advantage here is that changes only need to be made on a single device, and they will be replicated to other devices (up to 32 devices in a Sync-Only group). The risk of inconsistent configuration due to human error is reduced. Each device has a small green \"Active\" icon in the top left hand of the console, reminding operators that each device is Active and will process incoming traffic on Traffic Group None. \n Failover clustering using Traffic Group None \n Our third approach is very similar to our second approach. However, instead of a Sync-Only group, we will use a Sync-Failover group. A Sync-Failover group will sync all traffic objects in the default /Common partition, allowing us to keep all traffic objects in the default partition and avoid the use of additional partitions. This creates a traditional Active/Standby pair for a failover traffic group, and a Standby device will not respond to data plane traffic. So how do we make this Active/Active? \n When we create our VIPs in Traffic Group None, all devices will process traffic received on these Virtual Servers. One device will show \"Active\" and the other \"Standby\" in their console, but this is only the status for the floating traffic group. We don't need to use the floating traffic group, and by using Traffic Group None we have an Active/Active configuration in terms of traffic flow. \n \n \n The advantage here is similar to the previous example: human operators only need to configure objects in a single device, and all changes are synced between device group members (up to 8 in a Sync-Failover group). Another advantage is that you can use the /Common partition, which was not possible with the previous example. \n The main disadvantage here is that the console will show the word \"Active\" and \"Standby\" on devices, and this can confuse an operator that is familiar only with Active/Standby clusters using traffic groups for failover. While this third approach is a very legitimate approach and technically sound, it's worth considering if your daily operations and support teams have the knowledge to support this. \n Other considerations \n Source NAT (SNAT) \n It is almost always a requirement that you SNAT traffic when using Active/Active architecture, and this especially applies to the public cloud, where our options for other networking tricks are limited. If you have a requirement to see true source IP and need to use multiple devices in Active/Active fashion, consider using Azure or AWS Gateway Load Balancer options. Alternative solutions like NGINX and F5 Distributed Cloud may also be worth considering in high-value, hard-requirement situations. \n Alternatives to a cloud load balancer \n This article is not referring to F5 with Azure Gateway Load Balancer, or to F5 with AWS Gateway Load Balancer. Those gateway load balancer solutions are another way for customers to run appliances as multiple standalone devices in the cloud. However, they typically require routing, not proxying the traffic (ie, they don't allow destination NAT, which many customers intend with BIG-IP). \n This article is also not referring to other ways you might achieve Active/Active architectures, such as DNS-based high availability, or using routing protocols, like BGP or ECMP. \n Note that using multiple traffic groups to achieve Active/Active BIG-IP's - the traditional approach on-prem or in private cloud - is not practical in public cloud, as briefly outlined below. \n Failover of traffic groups with Cloud Failover Extension (CFE) \n One option for Active/Standby high availability of BIG-IP is to use the CFE , which can programmatically update IP addresses and routes in Azure at time of device failure. Since CFE does not support Active/Active scenarios, it is appropriate only for failover of a single traffic group (ie., Active/Standby). \n Conclusion \n Thanks for reading! In general I see that Active/Standby solutions work for many customers, but if you are confident in your skills and have a need for Active/Active F5 BIG-IP devices in the cloud, please reach out if you'd like me to walk you through these options and explore any other possibilities. \n Related articles \n Practical Considerations using F5 BIG-IP and Azure Load Balancer \n Deploying F5 BIG-IP with Azure Cross-Region Load Balancer 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Tampering Protection using F5 Distributed Cloud Platform","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:327861"},"id":"message:327861","revisionNum":17,"uid":327861,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:194786"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" This article aims to cover the basics of cookies and then showed how intruders can tamper cookies to modify application behavior. Finally, we also showcased how F5 XC cookie tampering protection can be used to safeguard our sensitive cookie workloads. ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":432},"postTime":"2024-02-28T12:50:21.182-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-03-11T12:59:30.295-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Introduction: \n It’s well known that browsers use HTTP protocol and as its stateless, user session requests don’t have details about user information. This is where cookies come as savior as they are small chunks of information created by web applications for user session tracking stored on user's web browsers. Cookies may remain stored for a long time but can be deleted by the user for additional privacy. Cookies provide critical functions for web applications, including state persistence and identifying users. When developers utilize cookies to store data used by applications, they sometimes overlook including input validation to prevent tampering with that data. Cookie tampering is a method of infiltrating the information stored on a user’s web browser and manipulating it to hack the user’s session on the application. \n Below are some of the reasons for misuse of cookies: \n \n Manipulating cookies to influence application behavior \n Introducing new cookies to create application vulnerabilities \n Hijacking user sessions \n \n For example, as per this link, hackers tampered saved user details of \"keep me logged in\" & \"remember me\" cookie preferences and tricked web browser into telling Yahoo that user already logged in thereby stealing millions of user’s personal data. \n This link tells about how a third party trojan acquires superuser root permissions on the target device, and finally transfers stolen cookies of multiple apps like Facebook, Chrome, etc. to a remote server operated by attackers. \n Cookie Tampering protection prevents attackers from modifying the value of session cookies. Cookies arrive in HTTP requests in cookie headers, which The F5 Distributed Cloud (F5 XC) WAF service scans for string violations. F5 XC WAF can enforce cookies by detecting if any attackers manipulated cookie values and then optionally blocking the corresponding requests. Cookie protection is highly recommended for cookies that contain sensitive data and influence application behavior. \n The SecOps team can get a list of application cookies from developers and then apply cookie protection rules on the identified cookies appropriately in the F5 XC Cookie Protection section. \n NOTE: wildcard and all cookies protection are not supported as it may cause issues with browser content, so SecOps must carefully go through list of cookies and decide which ones should be protected in F5 XC. \n \n Use case: \n For today’s demonstration, we have already deployed a flask application that creates a session token cookie and is passed on to simultaneous requests. If we open the browser and try to access this application “/set” URL, we can see that the below token cookie is generated, and these will be passed on to other requests for ex. “/get” endpoint. \n \n This token cookie is visible in data packet trace which can be captured by hackers to gain access to user preferences. This cookie can also be modified via proxy tools to create instability in the application results. \n \n Mitigation Steps: \n \n Login to F5 XC console and navigate to “Distributed Apps” menu \n Expand “Manage” menu and open “Origin pools” section under “Load Balancers” drop-down \n Onboard your application. Since my application is running on a VM, I have used my machine IP and port on which flask app is running as part of onboarding configuration \n \n \n Next navigate to “HTTP Load Balancers” section and create a load balancer of your choice using above origin pool as shown below \n Next, open the above LB in editing mode and apply WAF configurations in blocking mode. If monitoring mode is set in WAF, only security events will be generated but requests will not be blocked. \n For the same load balancer, navigate to “Cookie Protection” section and create a rule as per the needed configurations. Below are some details on these cookie protection flags: 1. Secure – This is used to send cookies only in an encrypted and secure channel. For ex Load Balancer using https protocol 2. HttpOnly – This flag when set will make sure only browsers or agents using http or https protocol to access protected cookies. Bots which run mostly using JavaScript's would not be able to access these protected cookies 3. SameSite – This is mainly used to protect cookies by sending them only if request is generated from same-site For ex, I have enabled multiple options and tampering protection as shown below. NOTE: Since I'm using HTTP load balancer, I have not added secure flag. If users are using HTTPS load balancer, a secure flag can be added. \n Next open browser in incognito mode and access your app URL (in my app “/set”) to check if these flags are set appropriately as shown below \n \n \n Open Postman and generate a GET request to above URL, next click on Cookies button & modify token cookie value and finally send a GET request to another URL (in my app “/get”). \n \n \n Validate illegal request is blocked as shown below and a security event is generated for this cookie tampering attempt. \n \n \n Since we have added HttpOnly flag for this token cookie, protected cookie shall not be visible if we try to access using JavaScript as shown below \n \n Conclusion: \n In this article, we have covered the basics of cookies and then we also demystified how intruders can tamper cookies to modify application behavior. Finally, we also showcased how F5 XC cookie tampering protection can be used to safeguard our sensitive cookie workloads. \n \n For more information or to get started check links below: \n \n F5 Distributed Cloud WAAP \n F5 XC HTTP Load Balancer \n https://nairametrics.com/2022/08/18/hackers-exploiting-stolen-cookies-to-attack-corporate-organisations-report/ \n https://thehackernews.com/2020/03/android-cookies-malware-hacking.html \n https://thehackernews.com/2017/03/yahoo-cookie-forging-hack.html \n 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