k8s

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BIG-IP Next SPK: a Kubernetes native ingress and egress gateway for Telco workloads
BIG-IP Next SPK: a Kubernetes native ingress and egress gateway for Telco workloads that is CNF agnostic.
Ulises_Alonso
Oct 27, 2024 Place Technical Articles
2.9KViews
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Use topology labels to reduce cross-AZ ingress traffic with F5 CIS and EKS
This solution outlines how to use topology labels and multiple CIS instances to reduce cross-AZ traffic on AWS EKS cluster ingress.
MichaelOLeary
May 23, 2024 Place Technical Articles
534Views
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Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 1
This is part 1 of a series. Here are the other parts: Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 2 Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 3 Over the past decade, there has been a change taking place in how applications are built. As applications become more expansive in capabilities and more critical to how a business operates, (or in many cases, the application is the business itself) a new style of architecture has allowed for increased scalability, portability, resiliency, and agility. To support the goals of a modern application, the surrounding infrastructure has had to evolve as well. Platforms like Kubernetes have played a big role in unlocking the potential of modern applications and is a new paradigm in itself for how infrastructure is managed and served. To help our community transition the skillset they've built to deal with monolithic applications, we've put together a series of videos to drive home concepts around modern applications. This article highlights some of the details found within the video series. In these first three videos, we breakdown the definition of a Modern Application. One might think that by name only, a modern application is simply an application that is current. But we're actually speaking in comparison to a monolithic application. Monolithic applications are made up of a single, or a just few pieces. They are rigid in how they are deployed and fragile in their dependencies. Modern applications will instead incorporate microservices. Where a monolithic application might have all functions built into one broad encompassing service, microservices will break down the service into smaller functions that can be worked on separately. A modern application will also incorporate 4 main pillars. Scalability ensures that the application can handle the needs of a growing user base, both for surges as well as long term growth. Portability ensures that the application can be transportable from its underlying environment while still maintaining all of its functionality and management plane capabilities. Resiliency ensures that failures within the system go unnoticed or pose minimal disruption to users of the application. Agility ensures that the application can accommodate for rapid changes whether that be to code or to infrastructure. There are also 6 design principles of a modern application. Being agnostic will allow the application to have freedom to run on any platform. Leveraging open source software where it makes sense can often allow you to move quickly with an application but later be able to adopt commercial versions of that software when full support is needed. Defining by code allows for more uniformity of configuration and move away rigid interfaces that require specialized knowledge. Automated CI/CD processes ensures the quick integration and deployment of code so that improvements are constantly happening while any failures are minimized and contained. Secure development ensures that application security is integrated into the development process and code is tested thoroughly before being deployed into production. Distributed Storage and Infrastructure ensures that applications are not bound by any physical limitations and components can be located where they make the most sense. These videos should help set the foundation for what a modern application is. The next videos in the series will start to define the fundamental technical components for the platforms that bring together a modern application. Continued in Part 2
buulam
Dec 15, 2023 Place Technical Articles
4KViews
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Egress control for Kubernetes using F5 Distributed Cloud Services
Summary When using F5 Distributed Cloud Services (F5 XC) to manage your Kubernetes (K8s) workloads, egress firewalling based on K8s namespaces or labels is easy. While network firewalls have no visibility into which K8s workload initiated outbound traffic - and therefore cannot apply security policies based on workload - we can use a platform like F5 XC Managed Kubernetes (mK8s) to achieve this. Introduction Applying security policies to outbound traffic is common practice. Security teams inspect Internet-bound traffic in order to detect/prevent Command & Control traffic, allow select users to browse select portions of the Internet, or for visibility into outbound traffic. Often the allow/deny decision is based on a combination of user, source IP, and destination website. Here's an awesome walk through of outbound inspection. Typical outbound inspection performed by a network-based device. Network-based firewalls cannot do the same for K8s workloads because pods are ephemeral. They can be short-lived, their IP addresses are temporary and reused, and all pods on the same node making outbound connections will have the same source IP on the external network. In short, a network device cannot distinguish traffic from one pod versus another. Which microservice is making this outbound request? Should it be allowed? Problem statement In my cluster I have two apps, app1 and app2, in namespaces app1-ns and app2-ns. For HTTP traffic, I want app1 to reach out to *.github.com but nothing else app2 to reach out to the REST API at api.weather.gov but nothing else, even other subdomains of weather.gov For non-HTTP traffic, I want app1 to be able to reach a partner's public IP address on port 22 app2 to reach Google's DNS server at 8.8.8.8 on port 25 I want no other traffic (TCP, UDP) to egress from my pods (ie., HTTP or non-HTTP). What about a Service Mesh? A service mesh will control traffic within your K8s cluster, both East-West (between services) and North-South (traffic to/from the cluster). Indeed, egress control is a feature of some service meshes, and a service mesh is a good solution to this problem. Istio's egress control is a great starting point to read more about a service mesh with egress control. By using an egress gateway, Istio's sidecars will force traffic destined for a particular destination through a proxy, and this proxy can enforce Istio policies. This solves our problem, although I've heard customers voice reasonable concerns: what about non-HTTP traffic? what if the egress gateway is bypassed? can our security team configure the mesh or configuration as code? a mesh may require an additional learning / admin overhead a mesh is often managed by a different team than traditional security What about a NetworkPolicy? A NetworkPolicy is a K8s resource that can define networking rules, including allow/deny rules by namespace, labels, src/dest pods, destination domains, etc. However NetworkPolicies must be enforced by the network plugin in your distribution (eg Calico), so they're not an option for everyone. They're also probably not a scalable solution when you consider the same concerns of service meshes above, but they are possible. Read more about NetworkPolicies for egress control with Istio, and check out this article from Monzo to see a potential solution involving NetworkPolicies. Other ideas Read the article from Monzo linked above to see what others have done. You could watch (or serve) DNS requests from Pods and then very quickly update outbound firewall rules to allow/disallow traffic to the IP address in the DNS response. NeuVector had a great article on this. You could also use a dedicated outbound proxy per domain name, as Monzo did, although this wouldn't scale to a large number, so some kind of exceptions would need to be made. I read an interesting article on Falco also, which is a tool that can monitor outbound connections from pods using eBPF. Generally speaking, these other ideas will bring the same concerns to teams without mesh skills: K8s and mesh networking can be unfamiliar and difficult to operate. Me and Kubernetes Solving egress control with F5 XC Managed Kubernetes Another way we can control outbound traffic specific to K8s namespace or labels is by using a K8s distribution that includes these features. In a technical sense, this works just like a mesh. By injecting a sidecar container for security controls into pods, the platform can control networking. However the mesh is not managed separately in this case. The security policies of the platform provide a GUI, easy reuse of policies, and generally an experience identical to that used for traditional egress control with the platform. Solving for our problem statement If I am using Virtual K8s (vK8s) or Managed K8s (mK8s), my pods are running on the F5 XC platform. These containers may be on-prem or in F5's PoPs, but the XC platform is natively aware of each pod. Here's how to solve our problem with XC when you have a managed K8s cluster. 1. Firstly we will create a known key so we can have a label in XC to match a label we will apply to our K8s pods. I have created a known key egress-ruleset by following this how-to guide. 2. For HTTP and HTTPS traffic, create a forward proxy policy. Since we want rules to apply to pods based on their labels, choose "Custom Rule List" when creating rules. Rule 1: set the source to be anything with a known label of egress-ruleset=app1 and allow access to TLS domain with suffix of github.com. Rule 2: Same as 1, but allow access to HTTP path of suffix github.com. Rules 3 and 4 are the same, but where the source endpoint matches egress-ruleset=app2. Rule 5, the last, can be a Deny All rule. 3. For non HTTP(S) traffic, create multiple firewall policies for traffic ingressing, egressing, or originating from an F5 Gateway. I've recommended multiple policies because a policy applies to a group of endpoints defined by IP or label. I've used three policies in my examples (one for label egress-ruleset=app1 and another for app2, and one for all endpoints). Use the policies to allow TCP traffic as desired. 4. Create and deploy a Managed K8s cluster and an App Stack site that is attached to this cluster. When creating the App Stack site, you can attached the policies you created from steps 1 and 2. You can have multiple policies layered in order, for policies of both types (forward proxy and firewall). 5. Deploy your K8s workload and label your pods with egress-ruleset and a value of app1 or app2. Finally validate your policies are in effect by using kubectl exec against a pod running in your cluster. We have now demonstrated that outbound traffic from our pods is allowed only to destinations we have configured. We can now control outbound traffic specific to the microservice that is the source of the traffic. Application namespaces Another way to solve this problem uses Namespaces only and not labels. If you create your Application Namespace in the XC console (not K8s Namespace) and deploy your workloads in the corresponding K8s namespace, you can use the built-in label of name.ves.io/namespace. This means you won't need to create your own label (Step 1) but you will need to have a 1:1 relationship between K8s namespaces and Application Namespaces in XC. Plus, your granularity for endpoints is not fine-grained at the level of pod labels, but instead is at the namespace level. Further Reading Enterprise-level outbound firewalling from products like F5's SSLO will do more than simple egress control, such as selectively pass traffic to 3rd party inspection devices. Egress control in XC is not integrating with other devices, but the security controls fit the nature of typical microservices. Still, we could layer simple outbound rules performed in K8s with enterprise-wide inspection rules performed by SSLO for further control of outbound traffic, including integration with 3rd party devices. While this example used mK8s, I'll make note of another helpful article that explains how labels can be used for controlling network traffic when using Virtual K8s (vK8s). Conclusion Egress control for Kubernetes workloads, where security policy can be based on namespace labels, can be enforced with a service mesh that supports egress control, or a managed K8s solution like F5 XC that integrates network security policies natively into the K8s networking layer. Consider practical concerns, like management overhead and existing skill sets, and reach out if I or another F5'er can help explain more about egress control using F5 XC! Finally thank you to my colleague Steve Iannetta @netta2 who helped me prepare this. Please do reach out if you want to do this yourself or have more in-depth K8s traffic management questions.
MichaelOLeary
Oct 10, 2023 Place Technical Articles
3KViews
6likes
3Comments
Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 3
In this last article of the series discussing Modern Application Architecture, we will be discussion manageability with respect to the traffic. As the traffic patterns grow and look quite different from monolithic applications, different approaches need to take place in order to maintain the stability of the application. Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 1 Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 2 In this next video, we discuss Service Mesh. As modern applications expand and their communications change to microservice to microservice, a service mesh can be introduced to provide control, security and visibility to that traffic. Since individual microservices can be written by different individuals or groups, the service mesh can be the intermediary that allows them to understand what is happening when one piece of code needs to speak to another piece of code. At the same time, trust and verification can happen between the microservices to ensure they are talking to what they should be talking to. In this next video we discuss Sidecar Proxies. As mentioned in the Service Mesh video, the sidecar proxy is a key piece of the mesh implementation. It is responsible for functions such as TLS termination, mutual TLS and authentication. It can also be used for tracing and other observability. This means these functions don't have to be performed by the microservice itself. In this final video, we review NGINX as a Production Grade Kubernetes Solution. While Modern Applications will adopt Open Source Solutions where possible, these applications can be mission critical ones that require the highest level of service. As mentioned in the previous videos in this series, there are a number of important pieces of a Kubernetes cluster that can be augmented, or replaced by enhanced services. NGINX can actually perform as an enhanced Ingress Controller, giving a high level of control as well as performance for inbound traffic to the cluster. NGINX with App Protect can also provide finer grain controlled web application security for the inbound web based components of the application. And finally, NGINX Service Mesh can help with the microservice to microservice control, security and visibility, offloading that function from the microservice itself. We hope that this video series has helped shed some light for those who are curious about modern application architecture. As you have questions, don't hesistate to ask in our Technical Forums!
buulam
Feb 01, 2022 Place Technical Articles
906Views
2likes
0Comments
Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 2
To help our Community transfer their skills to handle Modern Applications, we've released a video series to explain the major points. This article is part 2 and here are the other parts: Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 1 Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 3 This next set of videos discuss the platforms and components that make up modern applications. In this video, we review containers. These have become a key building block of microservices. They help achieve the application portability by neatly packaging up everything needing to bring up an application within a container runtime such as Docker. One great example of a container is the f5-demo-httpd container. This small lightweight container can be downloaded quickly to run a web server. It's incorporated into a lot of F5 demo environments because it is lightweight and can be customized by simply forking the repository and making your own changes. In this next video, we talk about Kubernetes (or k8s for short). While there are container runtimes like Docker that can work individually on a server, the Kubernetes project has brought the concept into a form that can be scaled out. Worker nodes, where containers are run on, can be brought together into clusters. Commands can be issued to a Master Node via YAML files and have affect across the cluster. Containers can be scheduled efficiently across a cluster which is managed as one. In this next video, we break down the Kubernetes API. The Kubernetes API is the main interface to a k8s cluster. While there are GUI solutions that can be added to a k8s cluster, they are still interfacing with the API so it is important to understand what the API is capable of and what it is doing with the cluster. The main way to issue commands to the API is through YAML files and the kubectl command. From there, the API server will interact with the other parts of the cluster to perform operations. In this next video, we discuss Securing a Kubernetes cluster. There are a number of attack vectors that need to be understood and so we review them along with some of the actions that can be taken in order to increase the security for them. In this next video, we go over Ingress Controller. An Ingres Controller is one of the main ways that traffic is brought from outside of the cluster, into a pod. This role is of particular interest to F5 customers as they can use NGINX, NGINX+ or BIG-IP to play this strategic role within a Kubernetes cluster. In this next video, we talk about Microservices. As applications are decomposed from monolithic applications to modern applications, they are broken up into microservices that carry out individual functions of an application. The microservices then communicate with each other in order to deliver the overall application. It's important to then understand this service to service communication so that you can design application services around them such as load balancing, routing, visibility and security. We hope that you've enjoyed this video series so far. In the next article, we'll be reviewing the components that aid in the management of a Kubernetes platform. Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 3
buulam
Feb 01, 2022 Place Technical Articles
1.1KViews
2likes
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Protect Your Kubernetes Cluster Against The Apache Log4j2 Vulnerability Using BIG-IP
Whenever a high profile vulnerability like Apache Log4j2 is announced, it is often a race to patch and remediate. Luckily, for those of us with BIG-IP's with AWAF (Advanced Web Application Firewall) in our environment, we can take care of some mitigation through updating and applying signatures. When there is a consolidation of duties, or both SecOps and NetOps work together on the same cluster of BIG-IP's then an AWAF policy can simply be applied to a virtual server. However, as we move into a world of modern application architectures, the Kubernetes administrators are very often a different set of individuals falling within DevOps. The DevOps team will work with NetOps to incorporate BIG-IP as the Ingress to the Kubernetes environment through the use of Container Ingress Services. This allows for a declarative configuration and objects can be called upon to incorporate into the Ingress configuration. In Container Ingress Services version 2.7, using the Policy CRD (Custom Resource Definitions) feature, an AWAF policy can be one of these objects incorporated. Here is some example code for defining the Policy CRD and specifying the WAF policy: apiVersion: cis.f5.com/v1 kind: Policy metadata: labels: f5cr: "true" name: policy-mysite namespace: default spec: l7Policies: waf: /Common/WAF_Policy profiles: http: /Common/Custom_HTTP logProfiles: - /Common/Log all requests And here is an example of associating this Policy CRD with the VirtualServer CRD: apiVersion: "cis.f5.com/v1" kind: VirtualServer metadata: name: vs-myapp labels: f5cr: "true" spec: # This is an insecure virtual, Please use TLSProfile to secure the virtual # check out tls examples to understand more. virtualServerAddress: "10.192.75.117" virtualServerHTTPSPort: 443 httpTraffic: redirect tlsProfileName: reencrypt-tls policyName: policy-mysite host: myapp.f5demo.com pools: - path: / service: f5-demo servicePort: 443 Mark Dittmer, Sr. Product Management Engineer here at F5, recently teamed up with Brandon Frelich, Security Solutions Architect, to create a how-to video on this. Mark's associated Github repo: https://github.com/mdditt2000/kubernetes-1-19/blob/master/cis%202.7/log4j/README.md This is going to now allow for the SecOps teams to focus on creating and providing AWAF policies while the DevOps can focus on their domain and incorporate the AWAF policy quickly. As we see microservices sprawl, we need every speed advantage we can get!
buulam
Jan 12, 2022 Place Technical Articles
928Views
1like
0Comments

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which was designed for general IT workloads which only use TCP/HTTP protocols, and a simplified networking model with a single IP address per POD (the smallest deployable unit of computing in Kubernetes) and a single external gateway. On the other hand, Telco deployments require: \n \n 3GPP protocols support. \n Transitional 4G to 5G facilities. \n Network capabilities to match Telco's networks by providing multiple external network connectivity, allowing different paths depending on the Network Function (NF), dynamic routing, etc... \n \n Hopefully, Kubernetes has been designed to be extensible yet it's up to the software and infrastructure architects to design solutions with good practices by following Kubernetes patterns. It´s usual that NF vendors use additional interfaces (multus CNI) for each NF PODs. By doing this, there is no dynamic advertising of addresses as the PODs in the deployment change or a good way to track these addresses outside the cluster by network elements such as firewalls. \n Alternatively, NF vendors try to hide this complexity by selling turn-key solutions with dedicated Kubernetes clusters for each NF or vendor. Therefore the customer ends up with multiple clusters typically disimilar, ultimately defeating the whole purpose of Kubernetes which aims to homogenize application's environment in a single platform. In a way, this this approach is equivalent to having a load balancer for each application. Also, the management of addresses by external network elements is still inaddecuate because identification of NFs is done in a coarse manner by identifying clusters' addresses. \n These two approaches break Kuberentes patterns by adding complexity in the form of non-homogenous networking to the different NFs. \n In this post we introduce F5 BIG-IP Next Service Proxy Kubernetes (SPK) -- BIG-IP Next SPK for short -- architecture which overcomes these limitations while being Network Functions-agnostic. We will use Red Hat's Openshift as reference platform. \n BIG-IP Next SPK software architecture \n BIG-IP Next SPK is a cloud-native solution which runs inside the Kubernetes cluster and is made out of independent components which can be scaled-out. It's headless software (no graphical UI) and it's managed using the Kubernetes API. The major software components are shown next. \n \n BIG-IP Next SPK's data plane makes use of the widely trusted BIG-IP’s Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) data plane. This allows for a high performance, dependable product from the start. A dynamic routing component configures the BGP peering with the upstream routers for ECMP load distribution. The BFD feature for fast failure detection is available. The session persistence is a distributed database which allows to store connection related state such as pool member persistence, SNATs, NAT46 translations, etc... This database is backed in Kubernetes Persistent Volume which allows this information to be available even after POD restarts. The controller is the component which interacts with the Kubernetes API that customers use to configure BIG-IP Next SPK. Fluentd is a high-performance industry standard for exposing BIG-IP Next SPK metrics and logs to external tools. \n BIG-IP Next SPK network architecture \n The overall network architecture is shown next. Out of this picture we would like to emphasise the following items: \n \n Independent BIG-IP Next SPK instances, with completely different external network config, can handle ingress & egress traffic for each namespace individually. \n BIG-IP Next SPK is highly scalable at POD level (1-24 cores) and at cluster level, limited by the upstream ECMP capabilities. \n \n A more detailed view of the network path is shown next. From this diagram we want to emphasise: \n \n PODs make use of BIG-IP Next SPK transparently by continue using the CNI as usual. \n BIG-IP Next SPK is a single tier ingress/egress solution not requiring external LB. \n BIG-IP Next SPK has direct POD IP visibility, there is no kube-proxy or other IP-translating mechanism in between. \n \n \n As depicted above, BIG-IP Next SPK has two types of interfaces: external facing the upstream routers and internal facing the Kubernetes networking. Openshift's networking facilitates that using BIG-IP Next SPK in a cluster is optional in a per-namespace basis and this is done transparently to the applications. No change or configuration needs to be done in the applications. Openshift uses for its networking the OVNKubernetes CNI. It can be seen in the picture that the applications continue using the OVNKubernetes router as default and only gateway. \n Finally we will show a L2 view of the networks in a cluster with BIG-IP Next SPK. From this diagram we want to emphasise: \n \n How regular nodes hosting applications have no modifications either. \n How BIG-IP Next SPK is typically setup with link aggregations and SR-IOV wire-speed interfaces. \n How the L3 path between BIG-IP Next SPK and the application's nodes is validated by means of using BFD. \n \n \n Using BIG-IP Next SPK \n In order to use BIG-IP Next SPK no changes need to be done in the applications or in the namespace hosting the applications. At BIG-IP Next SPK configuration time we will instruct which namespace we want BIG-IP Next SPK to handle and voilà: BIG-IP Next SPK becomes the next-hop of OVNKubernetes router for that namespace. No labels or other artifacts need to be configured manually. \n Defining BIG-IP Next SPK services configurations is done thorugh the Kubernetes API using Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs). At time of this writting the following resources are avaiilable: \n \n \n \n \n F5SPKIngressTCP Manages ingress layer 4 TCP application traffic. \n F5SPKIngressUDP Manages ingress layer 4 UDP application traffic. \n F5SPKIngressDiameter Manages Diameter traffic unifying ingress and egress traffic using either TCP or SCTP and keeps sessions persistent using the SESSION-ID attribute value pair (AVP) by default. \n F5SPKIngressNGAP Balances ingress datagram loads for SCTP or NG application protocol (NGAP) signaling. \n F5SPKEgress Enables egress traffic for pods using SNAT or DNS/NAT46. DNS cache and rate limiting parameters can be configured. \n F5SPKSnatpool Allocates IP addresses for egress pod connections. \n F5SPKDNSCache Provides high-performance, transparent DNS resolution and caching for the F5SPKEgress resources. \n F5SPKPortListandF5SPKAddressList Creates sets of ports and addresses, respectively, to make creating and updating services easier. \n \n Besides the above resource list we would like to highlight 3 functionalities that should not be overlooked: \n \n IPv6 support\n \n \n \n BIG-IP Next SPK fully supports IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking as implemented in Kubernetes v1.21 or later. BIG-IP Next SPK’s DNS46/NAT46 feature, however, does not rely on Kubernetes IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack and therefore, it can be used with earlier versions of Kubernetes. \n \n \n \n \n DNS46/NAT46 translation \n \n \n The adoption of IPv6 in new 5G deployments has created a need to interact with older IPv4 single stack components and services. BIG-IP Next SPK’s DNS46/NAT46 provides this interoperability, easing the adoption and transition between IPv4 and IPv6 services. This solution allows IPv4 applications to access any IPv6 application on demand, without requiring reconfiguration. \n \n \n \n Application hairpinning The application hairpinning feature is used to differentiate between internal and external clients. A selected set of internal clients accesses an BIG-IP Next SPK Service with the same domain name or IP address as that of another BIG-IP Next SPK Service, which is used by external clients using different configurations. The key difference between the two types of connections is that internal clients are connected using SNAT and external clients are not. This is done by installing two BIG-IP Next SPK CRs of the same type, for example F5SPKIngressTCP, with each CR enabled on a selected VLAN or VLAN list. \n \n ´BIG-IP Next SPKs roadmap \n In the upcoming releases BIG-IP Next SPK will continue expanding its traffic management capabilities by exposing more TMM capabilities through the Kubernetes API, noticiably HTTP/2. \n Also, BIG-IP Next SPK will be gaining more security oriented features. At present it is being targeted the following features: \n \n Firewall \n DDoS protection \n WAF \n \n These security features are specially useful because BIG-IP Next SPK constitutes a security boundary with respect of all the workloads in the cluster and kubernetes itself (CNI, API, basic node management). Although BIG-IP Next SPK is running inside the Kubernetes cluster, it is the only software that manages the external network interfaces at L3. This is depicted in the next figure. \n \n \n These security features have been available for long time in BIG-IP products and at present we are capturing customers´ input to design the best APIs possible for exposing these functionalities following Kubernetes patterns. \n Conclusion \n \n \n \n This article introduces a scalable and dependable high performance gateway solution that delivers the granular ingress and egress controls in Kubernetes-based deployments that Telcos need. It builds on the unique potential of OpenShift external gateways by making full use of OpenShift capabilities—an industry first. Use cases that particularly benefit include 5GC and MEC. Plus, the BIG-IP Next SPK solution can dynamically translate IPv4 to IPv6 network addresses, which solves the problem of mixed IPv4 and IPv6 deployments. The result is a gateway solution flexible enough to adapt to new and evolving Telco needs while offering interoperability with pre-5G services. For additional information please check the RedHat & F5 co-written white paper F5 Telco Gateway for Red Hat OpenShift and the official BIG-IP Next SPK documentation. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"10027","kudosSumWeight":5,"repliesCount":1,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDA1NDctMTkyNzdpMDI3MDVFRkJEN0I1QTYxOA?revision=12\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDA1NDctMTkyNjVpNEI4MzY2QTI1OEFGQTBDRg?revision=12\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDM","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDA1NDctMTkyNjhpODdDQTI2MTg2MkNDQTY4Qg?revision=12\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDQ","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDA1NDctMTkyNjZpN0FFQThCMkE5Q0E3QTNCRg?revision=12\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDU","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDA1NDctMTkyNzVpQUYzNTM1RTlGQjgyQTA2NA?revision=12\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDY","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDA1NDctMTkyNzZpRUUyODNDMTMzMDc1NDEwMQ?revision=12\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDc","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDA1NDctMTkyOTRpREUxNUNENUI4RjM3NjJDNw?revision=12\"}"}}],"totalCount":7,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:329878":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:329878","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":329878},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2024-05-23T05:00:00.028-07:00","solved":false},"User:user:242856":{"__typename":"User","uid":242856,"login":"MichaelOLeary","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/dS0yNDI4NTYtMjA2NzVpMjAwQzU1OUQzMEFFMDM2RQ"},"id":"user:242856"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjk4NzgtWXhDc0hN?revision=3\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjk4NzgtWXhDc0hN?revision=3","title":"clipboard_image-1-1715978696421.png","associationType":"BODY","width":1402,"height":1364,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjk4NzgtTmhZdkFF?revision=3\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjk4NzgtTmhZdkFF?revision=3","title":"clipboard_image-2-1715978696404.png","associationType":"BODY","width":1415,"height":1356,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjk4NzgtQUJibm9i?revision=3\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjk4NzgtQUJibm9i?revision=3","title":"clipboard_image-4-1715978696448.png","associationType":"BODY","width":1403,"height":1380,"altText":""},"TkbTopicMessage:message:329878":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Use topology labels to reduce cross-AZ ingress traffic with F5 CIS and EKS","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:329878"},"id":"message:329878","revisionNum":3,"uid":329878,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:242856"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" This solution outlines how to use topology labels and multiple CIS instances to reduce cross-AZ traffic on AWS EKS cluster ingress. ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":534},"postTime":"2024-05-23T05:00:00.028-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-05-23T05:00:00.028-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" This solution outlines how to use topology labels and multiple Container Ingress Services (CIS) instances to reduce cross-AZ traffic on AWS EKS cluster ingress. \n Requirements and background \n Recently I had a customer with the following environment: \n \n The need to load-balance traffic from Internet-based clients into EKS \n The need for mTLS termination and other functionality that required BIG-IP \n AWS EKS cluster deployed in 3x Availability Zones (AZ’s) \n \n Simple enough, right? But there’s some other problems that add an interesting twist to the requirements: \n \n Reduce or eliminate cross-AZ traffic between any external load balancer and EKS (due to cost of cross-AZ traffic at the planned high throughput) \n Do not use NLB if possible (NLB throughput cost alone is significant) \n While mTLS/other functionality could be performed inside the cluster (eg NGINX Ingress Controller), we want these functions performed external to the cluster, for other reasons. \n \n Let’s solve this! \n F5 CIS with a typical default installation \n Typically, a customer will use F5 CIS to dynamically update the configuration of an HA pair of BIG-IP’s, sending traffic directly to pods running inside Kubernetes (K8s). \n This typical HA-pair deployment would be easy, but it would not meet all requirements. \n\n Cross-AZ traffic with a typical CIS deployment \n The above diagram is a valid deployment, but cross-AZ traffic is very likely. The BIG-IP’s are unaware of K8s topology, and will load-balance equally across AZ’s. \n \n Since only 1x BIG-IP is active in the pair, ingressing to pods in 2 out of 3 AZ’s requires cross-AZ traffic \n Ingress to pods in AZ 3 will always generate cross-AZ traffic, regardless of which BIG-IP is active \n \n Multiple active BIG-IP’s and node-label selector with CIS \n CIS can use the node-label-selector argument to limit load-balancing to select nodes. We will use this to keep ingress traffic local to an AZ. \n To deploy an architecture like the following diagram: \n \n Find or create your topology labels. In my example using EKS, I see my nodes have labels such as topology.kubernetes.io/zone=us-east-1a\n \n You can also create your own labels on nodes for this purpose \n \n \n Deploy 3x standalone BIG-IP’s \n Deploy 3x CIS instances\n \n Use the node-label-selector argument so that each CIS instance only watches for pods on select nodes \n \n \n \n Notice that this design uses 3x standalone BIG-IPs and limits ingress traffic within an AZ. \n\n Here is an example of a CIS deployment with a node-label-selector (line 32): \n apiVersion: apps/v1\nkind: Deployment\nmetadata:\n name: f5cis1\n namespace: kube-system\nspec:\n replicas: 1\n selector:\n matchLabels:\n app: k8s-bigip-ctlr-deployment\n template:\n metadata:\n labels:\n app: k8s-bigip-ctlr-deployment\n spec:\n containers:\n - name: k8s-bigip-ctlr\n image: \"f5networks/k8s-bigip-ctlr:2.16.1\"\n env:\n - name: BIGIP_USERNAME\n valueFrom:\n secretKeyRef:\n name: bigip-login\n key: username\n - name: BIGIP_PASSWORD\n valueFrom:\n secretKeyRef:\n name: bigip-login\n key: password\n command: [\"/app/bin/k8s-bigip-ctlr\"]\n args: [\n \"--node-label-selector=topology.kubernetes.io/zone=us-east-1a\",\n \"--bigip-username=$(BIGIP_USERNAME)\",\n \"--bigip-password=$(BIGIP_PASSWORD)\",\n \"--bigip-url=10.0.0.11\",\n \"--bigip-partition=kubernetes\",\n \"--pool-member-type=cluster\",\n \"--insecure\",\n \"--custom-resource-mode=true\",\n \"--log-level=DEBUG\",\n \"--disable-teems=true\"\n ]\n serviceAccount: bigip-ctlr\n serviceAccountName: bigip-ctlr\n imagePullSecrets:\n - name: bigip-login \n \n Other pointers in this solution \n \n NLB’s are not required. To avoid NLB throughput costs, use DNS Load Balancing (GSLB) to spread traffic evenly across your Internet-facing BIG-IP’s. Other methods to disaggregate traffic exist also but are not the focus of this solution. \n K8s labels can be arbitrary. I have used existing topology labels in this case, but you could use your own node labels for the same outcome. \n \n NodePort vs Cluster mode \n It is worth noting that the diagrams above have assumed the CIS deployment is in ClusterIP mode, and not NodePort mode. If you were sending traffic to K8s nodes and relying on kube-proxy to distribute traffic evenly across pods, you would almost certainly generate cross-AZ traffic between nodes. \n \n Further reading about topology and routing in K8s \n Topology Aware Routing is a K8s concept that uses labels and annotations to allow an administrator to define preferences for keeping traffic within regions or zones where possible. This solution does not take full advantage of this concept, but merely uses these labels to limit which pods CIS will configure on BIG-IP. Today, CIS and BIG-IP are not fully aware of the Kubernetes topology in which they operate. \n It is worth noting the AWS EKS Best Practices Guide, specifically as it discusses AWS Load balancers. When you use AWS ALB or NLB, you can choose between instance mode (somewhat similar to the NodePort example above) and ip mode (similar to the ClusterIP example above). If you’re planning to do something similar to what I’ve done above using AWS native load balancers, make sure you understand the difference and configure accordingly. \n Finally, the above solution does not apply only to AWS EKS. The concept of regions and zones exists in most clouds, and the concept of topologies in Kubernetes were created to account for these. However, it’s the cross-AZ traffic charges in AWS that make this solution pressing for users of AWS EKS. \n Conclusion \n Consider if your external load balancer is causing cross-AZ traffic charges for ingress traffic. At very high throughput levels, the cost of cross-AZ traffic can become significant. If using F5 CIS to populate pods as pool members in BIG-IP, consider using the node-label-selector argument and multiple active BIG-IP’s to keep ingress traffic to pods within a single Availability Zone. \n Thanks for reading! ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"6339","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjk4NzgtWXhDc0hN?revision=3\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjk4NzgtTmhZdkFF?revision=3\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDM","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjk4NzgtQUJibm9i?revision=3\"}"}}],"totalCount":3,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:291538":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:291538","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":291538},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2023-12-15T10:13:15.793-08:00","solved":false},"User:user:180940":{"__typename":"User","uid":180940,"login":"buulam","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/dS0xODA5NDAtMTYzMjJpRTQxNTQzRDk2N0MyQkU3Ng"},"id":"user:180940"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yOTE1MzgtMTY0ODVpMThDNzU1MDQxQzJBNDcwQQ?revision=9\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yOTE1MzgtMTY0ODVpMThDNzU1MDQxQzJBNDcwQQ?revision=9","title":"DC-Cover-Stock_0005_luca-bravo-XJXWbfSo2f0-unsplash.jpg","associationType":"COVER","width":1000,"height":1000,"altText":""},"TkbTopicMessage:message:291538":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 1","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:291538"},"id":"message:291538","revisionNum":9,"uid":291538,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:180940"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":4031},"postTime":"2022-01-25T11:00:00.039-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2023-12-15T10:13:15.793-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n This is part 1 of a series. Here are the other parts: \n Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 2 \n Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 3 \n \n Over the past decade, there has been a change taking place in how applications are built. As applications become more expansive in capabilities and more critical to how a business operates, (or in many cases, the application is the business itself) a new style of architecture has allowed for increased scalability, portability, resiliency, and agility. To support the goals of a modern application, the surrounding infrastructure has had to evolve as well. Platforms like Kubernetes have played a big role in unlocking the potential of modern applications and is a new paradigm in itself for how infrastructure is managed and served. \n \n To help our community transition the skillset they've built to deal with monolithic applications, we've put together a series of videos to drive home concepts around modern applications. This article highlights some of the details found within the video series. \n \n In these first three videos, we breakdown the definition of a Modern Application. \n \n \n \n One might think that by name only, a modern application is simply an application that is current. But we're actually speaking in comparison to a monolithic application. Monolithic applications are made up of a single, or a just few pieces. They are rigid in how they are deployed and fragile in their dependencies. Modern applications will instead incorporate microservices. Where a monolithic application might have all functions built into one broad encompassing service, microservices will break down the service into smaller functions that can be worked on separately. \n \n \n \n A modern application will also incorporate 4 main pillars. \n \n Scalability ensures that the application can handle the needs of a growing user base, both for surges as well as long term growth. \n Portability ensures that the application can be transportable from its underlying environment while still maintaining all of its functionality and management plane capabilities. \n Resiliency ensures that failures within the system go unnoticed or pose minimal disruption to users of the application. \n Agility ensures that the application can accommodate for rapid changes whether that be to code or to infrastructure. \n \n \n There are also 6 design principles of a modern application. \n \n Being agnostic will allow the application to have freedom to run on any platform. \n Leveraging open source software where it makes sense can often allow you to move quickly with an application but later be able to adopt commercial versions of that software when full support is needed. \n Defining by code allows for more uniformity of configuration and move away rigid interfaces that require specialized knowledge. \n Automated CI/CD processes ensures the quick integration and deployment of code so that improvements are constantly happening while any failures are minimized and contained. \n Secure development ensures that application security is integrated into the development process and code is tested thoroughly before being deployed into production. \n Distributed Storage and Infrastructure ensures that applications are not bound by any physical limitations and components can be located where they make the most sense. \n \n \n \n \n These videos should help set the foundation for what a modern application is. The next videos in the series will start to define the fundamental technical components for the platforms that bring together a modern application. \n \n Continued in Part 2 \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"3731","kudosSumWeight":8,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yOTE1MzgtMTY0ODVpMThDNzU1MDQxQzJBNDcwQQ?revision=9\"}"}}],"totalCount":1,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL1phSklrZzQ4VVdVfDB8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/ZaJIkg48UWU","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ZaJIkg48UWU/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}},{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL3FtRmN6dEFMdU13fDF8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/qmFcztALuMw","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qmFcztALuMw/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}},{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL21oMk52cml0TGpNfDJ8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/mh2NvritLjM","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/mh2NvritLjM/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}}],"totalCount":3,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:307402":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:307402","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":307402},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2023-10-10T10:58:20.009-07:00","solved":false},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjE5MzJpQjIxNTFCQkRDNUI0Q0Y3RA?revision=23\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjE5MzJpQjIxNTFCQkRDNUI0Q0Y3RA?revision=23","title":"outbound-inspection-traditional.png","associationType":"BODY","width":768,"height":489,"altText":null},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjE5MzNpOUI0Qzc0NDlGOUYyQzVGNA?revision=23\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjE5MzNpOUI0Qzc0NDlGOUYyQzVGNA?revision=23","title":"outbound-inspection-k8s.png","associationType":"BODY","width":746,"height":199,"altText":null},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjE5MzZpODVDQjU3MjIwMTg2QjNCMQ?revision=23\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjE5MzZpODVDQjU3MjIwMTg2QjNCMQ?revision=23","title":"old_man_yells_at_k8s.png","associationType":"BODY","width":128,"height":128,"altText":null},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjI0MzFpOUMxNjkyNEY5RTNDNjk2Rg?revision=23\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjI0MzFpOUMxNjkyNEY5RTNDNjk2Rg?revision=23","title":"outbound-inspection-k8s-2.png","associationType":"BODY","width":726,"height":172,"altText":null},"TkbTopicMessage:message:307402":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Egress control for Kubernetes using F5 Distributed Cloud Services","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:307402"},"id":"message:307402","revisionNum":23,"uid":307402,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:242856"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":2986},"postTime":"2023-02-20T06:00:00.016-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2023-07-03T11:26:58.349-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n Summary \n When using F5 Distributed Cloud Services (F5 XC) to manage your Kubernetes (K8s) workloads, egress firewalling based on K8s namespaces or labels is easy. While network firewalls have no visibility into which K8s workload initiated outbound traffic - and therefore cannot apply security policies based on workload - we can use a platform like F5 XC Managed Kubernetes (mK8s) to achieve this. \n Introduction \n Applying security policies to outbound traffic is common practice. Security teams inspect Internet-bound traffic in order to detect/prevent Command & Control traffic, allow select users to browse select portions of the Internet, or for visibility into outbound traffic. Often the allow/deny decision is based on a combination of user, source IP, and destination website. Here's an awesome walk through of outbound inspection. \n Typical outbound inspection performed by a network-based device. \n Network-based firewalls cannot do the same for K8s workloads because pods are ephemeral. They can be short-lived, their IP addresses are temporary and reused, and all pods on the same node making outbound connections will have the same source IP on the external network. In short, a network device cannot distinguish traffic from one pod versus another. \n Which microservice is making this outbound request? Should it be allowed? \n Problem statement \n In my cluster I have two apps, app1 and app2, in namespaces app1-ns and app2-ns. \n \n For HTTP traffic, I want\n \n app1 to reach out to *.github.com but nothing else \n app2 to reach out to the REST API at api.weather.gov but nothing else, even other subdomains of weather.gov \n \n \n For non-HTTP traffic, I want\n \n app1 to be able to reach a partner's public IP address on port 22 \n app2 to reach Google's DNS server at 8.8.8.8 on port 25 \n \n \n I want no other traffic (TCP, UDP) to egress from my pods (ie., HTTP or non-HTTP). \n \n What about a Service Mesh? \n A service mesh will control traffic within your K8s cluster, both East-West (between services) and North-South (traffic to/from the cluster). Indeed, egress control is a feature of some service meshes, and a service mesh is a good solution to this problem. \n Istio's egress control is a great starting point to read more about a service mesh with egress control. By using an egress gateway, Istio's sidecars will force traffic destined for a particular destination through a proxy, and this proxy can enforce Istio policies. This solves our problem, although I've heard customers voice reasonable concerns: \n \n what about non-HTTP traffic? \n what if the egress gateway is bypassed? \n can our security team configure the mesh or configuration as code? \n a mesh may require an additional learning / admin overhead \n a mesh is often managed by a different team than traditional security \n \n What about a NetworkPolicy? \n A NetworkPolicy is a K8s resource that can define networking rules, including allow/deny rules by namespace, labels, src/dest pods, destination domains, etc. However NetworkPolicies must be enforced by the network plugin in your distribution (eg Calico), so they're not an option for everyone. They're also probably not a scalable solution when you consider the same concerns of service meshes above, but they are possible. Read more about NetworkPolicies for egress control with Istio, and check out this article from Monzo to see a potential solution involving NetworkPolicies. \n Other ideas \n Read the article from Monzo linked above to see what others have done. You could watch (or serve) DNS requests from Pods and then very quickly update outbound firewall rules to allow/disallow traffic to the IP address in the DNS response. NeuVector had a great article on this. You could also use a dedicated outbound proxy per domain name, as Monzo did, although this wouldn't scale to a large number, so some kind of exceptions would need to be made. I read an interesting article on Falco also, which is a tool that can monitor outbound connections from pods using eBPF. Generally speaking, these other ideas will bring the same concerns to teams without mesh skills: K8s and mesh networking can be unfamiliar and difficult to operate. \n Me and Kubernetes \n Solving egress control with F5 XC Managed Kubernetes \n Another way we can control outbound traffic specific to K8s namespace or labels is by using a K8s distribution that includes these features. In a technical sense, this works just like a mesh. By injecting a sidecar container for security controls into pods, the platform can control networking. However the mesh is not managed separately in this case. The security policies of the platform provide a GUI, easy reuse of policies, and generally an experience identical to that used for traditional egress control with the platform. \n Solving for our problem statement \n If I am using Virtual K8s (vK8s) or Managed K8s (mK8s), my pods are running on the F5 XC platform. These containers may be on-prem or in F5's PoPs, but the XC platform is natively aware of each pod. Here's how to solve our problem with XC when you have a managed K8s cluster. \n 1. Firstly we will create a known key so we can have a label in XC to match a label we will apply to our K8s pods. I have created a known key egress-ruleset by following this how-to guide. \n 2. For HTTP and HTTPS traffic, create a forward proxy policy. Since we want rules to apply to pods based on their labels, choose \"Custom Rule List\" when creating rules. Rule 1: set the source to be anything with a known label of egress-ruleset=app1 and allow access to TLS domain with suffix of github.com. Rule 2: Same as 1, but allow access to HTTP path of suffix github.com. Rules 3 and 4 are the same, but where the source endpoint matches egress-ruleset=app2. Rule 5, the last, can be a Deny All rule. \n 3. For non HTTP(S) traffic, create multiple firewall policies for traffic ingressing, egressing, or originating from an F5 Gateway. I've recommended multiple policies because a policy applies to a group of endpoints defined by IP or label. I've used three policies in my examples (one for label egress-ruleset=app1 and another for app2, and one for all endpoints). Use the policies to allow TCP traffic as desired. \n 4. Create and deploy a Managed K8s cluster and an App Stack site that is attached to this cluster. When creating the App Stack site, you can attached the policies you created from steps 1 and 2. You can have multiple policies layered in order, for policies of both types (forward proxy and firewall). \n 5. Deploy your K8s workload and label your pods with egress-ruleset and a value of app1 or app2. Finally validate your policies are in effect by using kubectl exec against a pod running in your cluster. \n We have now demonstrated that outbound traffic from our pods is allowed only to destinations we have configured. \n We can now control outbound traffic specific to the microservice that is the source of the traffic. \n Application namespaces \n Another way to solve this problem uses Namespaces only and not labels. If you create your Application Namespace in the XC console (not K8s Namespace) and deploy your workloads in the corresponding K8s namespace, you can use the built-in label of name.ves.io/namespace. This means you won't need to create your own label (Step 1) but you will need to have a 1:1 relationship between K8s namespaces and Application Namespaces in XC. Plus, your granularity for endpoints is not fine-grained at the level of pod labels, but instead is at the namespace level. \n Further Reading \n Enterprise-level outbound firewalling from products like F5's SSLO will do more than simple egress control, such as selectively pass traffic to 3rd party inspection devices. Egress control in XC is not integrating with other devices, but the security controls fit the nature of typical microservices. Still, we could layer simple outbound rules performed in K8s with enterprise-wide inspection rules performed by SSLO for further control of outbound traffic, including integration with 3rd party devices. \n While this example used mK8s, I'll make note of another helpful article that explains how labels can be used for controlling network traffic when using Virtual K8s (vK8s). \n Conclusion \n Egress control for Kubernetes workloads, where security policy can be based on namespace labels, can be enforced with a service mesh that supports egress control, or a managed K8s solution like F5 XC that integrates network security policies natively into the K8s networking layer. Consider practical concerns, like management overhead and existing skill sets, and reach out if I or another F5'er can help explain more about egress control using F5 XC! \n Finally thank you to my colleague Steve Iannetta @netta2 who helped me prepare this. Please do reach out if you want to do this yourself or have more in-depth K8s traffic management questions. \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"8991","kudosSumWeight":6,"repliesCount":3,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjE5MzJpQjIxNTFCQkRDNUI0Q0Y3RA?revision=23\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjE5MzNpOUI0Qzc0NDlGOUYyQzVGNA?revision=23\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDM","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjE5MzZpODVDQjU3MjIwMTg2QjNCMQ?revision=23\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDQ","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMDc0MDItMjI0MzFpOUMxNjkyNEY5RTNDNjk2Rg?revision=23\"}"}}],"totalCount":4,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:291580":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:291580","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":291580},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2022-01-31T16:56:22.892-08:00","solved":false},"TkbTopicMessage:message:291580":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 3","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:291580"},"id":"message:291580","revisionNum":5,"uid":291580,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:180940"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":906},"postTime":"2022-01-27T09:00:00.023-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2022-01-31T16:56:22.892-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n In this last article of the series discussing Modern Application Architecture, we will be discussion manageability with respect to the traffic. As the traffic patterns grow and look quite different from monolithic applications, different approaches need to take place in order to maintain the stability of the application. \n \n Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 1 \n Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 2 \n \n In this next video, we discuss Service Mesh. As modern applications expand and their communications change to microservice to microservice, a service mesh can be introduced to provide control, security and visibility to that traffic. Since individual microservices can be written by different individuals or groups, the service mesh can be the intermediary that allows them to understand what is happening when one piece of code needs to speak to another piece of code. At the same time, trust and verification can happen between the microservices to ensure they are talking to what they should be talking to. \n \n \n \n In this next video we discuss Sidecar Proxies. As mentioned in the Service Mesh video, the sidecar proxy is a key piece of the mesh implementation. It is responsible for functions such as TLS termination, mutual TLS and authentication. It can also be used for tracing and other observability. This means these functions don't have to be performed by the microservice itself. \n \n \n \n In this final video, we review NGINX as a Production Grade Kubernetes Solution. While Modern Applications will adopt Open Source Solutions where possible, these applications can be mission critical ones that require the highest level of service. As mentioned in the previous videos in this series, there are a number of important pieces of a Kubernetes cluster that can be augmented, or replaced by enhanced services. NGINX can actually perform as an enhanced Ingress Controller, giving a high level of control as well as performance for inbound traffic to the cluster. NGINX with App Protect can also provide finer grain controlled web application security for the inbound web based components of the application. And finally, NGINX Service Mesh can help with the microservice to microservice control, security and visibility, offloading that function from the microservice itself. \n \n \n \n We hope that this video series has helped shed some light for those who are curious about modern application architecture. As you have questions, don't hesistate to ask in our Technical Forums! \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"2617","kudosSumWeight":2,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL3dmOE4wUk84MUNzfDB8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/wf8N0RO81Cs","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wf8N0RO81Cs/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}},{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL0Z0TGcwNzFtSVhnfDF8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/FtLg071mIXg","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/FtLg071mIXg/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}},{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlLzJOTHFSQkNobFlZfDJ8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/2NLqRBChlYY","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2NLqRBChlYY/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}}],"totalCount":3,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:291579":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:291579","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":291579},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2022-01-31T16:56:03.998-08:00","solved":false},"TkbTopicMessage:message:291579":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 2","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:291579"},"id":"message:291579","revisionNum":4,"uid":291579,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:180940"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":1136},"postTime":"2022-01-26T09:00:00.049-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2022-01-31T16:56:03.998-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n To help our Community transfer their skills to handle Modern Applications, we've released a video series to explain the major points. This article is part 2 and here are the other parts: \n Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 1 \n Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 3 \n \n This next set of videos discuss the platforms and components that make up modern applications. \n \n In this video, we review containers. These have become a key building block of microservices. They help achieve the application portability by neatly packaging up everything needing to bring up an application within a container runtime such as Docker. One great example of a container is the f5-demo-httpd container. This small lightweight container can be downloaded quickly to run a web server. It's incorporated into a lot of F5 demo environments because it is lightweight and can be customized by simply forking the repository and making your own changes. \n \n \n \n In this next video, we talk about Kubernetes (or k8s for short). While there are container runtimes like Docker that can work individually on a server, the Kubernetes project has brought the concept into a form that can be scaled out. Worker nodes, where containers are run on, can be brought together into clusters. Commands can be issued to a Master Node via YAML files and have affect across the cluster. Containers can be scheduled efficiently across a cluster which is managed as one. \n \n \n \n In this next video, we break down the Kubernetes API. The Kubernetes API is the main interface to a k8s cluster. While there are GUI solutions that can be added to a k8s cluster, they are still interfacing with the API so it is important to understand what the API is capable of and what it is doing with the cluster. The main way to issue commands to the API is through YAML files and the kubectl command. From there, the API server will interact with the other parts of the cluster to perform operations. \n \n \n \n In this next video, we discuss Securing a Kubernetes cluster. There are a number of attack vectors that need to be understood and so we review them along with some of the actions that can be taken in order to increase the security for them. \n \n \n \n In this next video, we go over Ingress Controller. An Ingres Controller is one of the main ways that traffic is brought from outside of the cluster, into a pod. This role is of particular interest to F5 customers as they can use NGINX, NGINX+ or BIG-IP to play this strategic role within a Kubernetes cluster. \n \n \n \n In this next video, we talk about Microservices. As applications are decomposed from monolithic applications to modern applications, they are broken up into microservices that carry out individual functions of an application. The microservices then communicate with each other in order to deliver the overall application. It's important to then understand this service to service communication so that you can design application services around them such as load balancing, routing, visibility and security. \n \n \n \n We hope that you've enjoyed this video series so far. In the next article, we'll be reviewing the components that aid in the management of a Kubernetes platform. Understanding Modern Application Architecture - Part 3 \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"3441","kudosSumWeight":2,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlLzhCdG16VkdfR2RJfDB8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/8BtmzVG_GdI","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/8BtmzVG_GdI/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}},{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL0Y2MGd6UWpFbEdvfDF8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/F60gzQjElGo","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/F60gzQjElGo/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}},{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL1lzbWdCMlFEYVVnfDJ8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/YsmgB2QDaUg","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YsmgB2QDaUg/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}},{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL1Z1TF9CMnB4akhJfDN8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/VuL_B2pxjHI","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VuL_B2pxjHI/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}},{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL082SGU0TW5QazdNfDR8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/O6He4MnPk7M","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/O6He4MnPk7M/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}},{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL0ZIaVQ1bEhhdjJjfDV8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/FHiT5lHav2c","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/FHiT5lHav2c/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}}],"totalCount":6,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:278719":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:278719","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":278719},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2022-01-12T12:56:55.000-08:00","solved":false},"TkbTopicMessage:message:278719":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Protect Your Kubernetes Cluster Against The Apache Log4j2 Vulnerability Using BIG-IP","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:278719"},"id":"message:278719","revisionNum":1,"uid":278719,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:180940"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":928},"postTime":"2022-01-12T12:56:55.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2022-01-12T12:56:55.000-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Whenever a high profile vulnerability like Apache Log4j2 is announced, it is often a race to patch and remediate. Luckily, for those of us with BIG-IP's with AWAF (Advanced Web Application Firewall) in our environment, we can take care of some mitigation through updating and applying signatures. When there is a consolidation of duties, or both SecOps and NetOps work together on the same cluster of BIG-IP's then an AWAF policy can simply be applied to a virtual server. However, as we move into a world of modern application architectures, the Kubernetes administrators are very often a different set of individuals falling within DevOps. The DevOps team will work with NetOps to incorporate BIG-IP as the Ingress to the Kubernetes environment through the use of Container Ingress Services. This allows for a declarative configuration and objects can be called upon to incorporate into the Ingress configuration. In Container Ingress Services version 2.7, using the Policy CRD (Custom Resource Definitions) feature, an AWAF policy can be one of these objects incorporated. Here is some example code for defining the Policy CRD and specifying the WAF policy: apiVersion: cis.f5.com/v1\nkind: Policy\nmetadata:\n labels:\n f5cr: \"true\"\n name: policy-mysite\n namespace: default\nspec:\n l7Policies:\n waf: /Common/WAF_Policy\n profiles:\n http: /Common/Custom_HTTP\n logProfiles:\n - /Common/Log all requests\n And here is an example of associating this Policy CRD with the VirtualServer CRD: apiVersion: \"cis.f5.com/v1\"\nkind: VirtualServer\nmetadata:\n name: vs-myapp\n labels:\n f5cr: \"true\"\nspec:\n # This is an insecure virtual, Please use TLSProfile to secure the virtual\n # check out tls examples to understand more.\n virtualServerAddress: \"10.192.75.117\"\n virtualServerHTTPSPort: 443\n httpTraffic: redirect\n tlsProfileName: reencrypt-tls\n policyName: policy-mysite\n host: myapp.f5demo.com\n pools:\n - path: /\n service: f5-demo\n servicePort: 443\n Mark Dittmer, Sr. Product Management Engineer here at F5, recently teamed up with Brandon Frelich, Security Solutions Architect, to create a how-to video on this. Mark's associated Github repo: https://github.com/mdditt2000/kubernetes-1-19/blob/master/cis%202.7/log4j/README.md This is going to now allow for the SecOps teams to focus on creating and providing AWAF policies while the DevOps can focus on their domain and incorporate the AWAF policy quickly. As we see microservices sprawl, we need every speed advantage we can get! 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