big-ip afm

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What is SMTP Smuggling and how can you deal with it?
A quick run-down of the anatomy of an SMTP request, what SMTP Smuggling is and how you can prevent it using F5 products and features like BIG-IP AFM’s Protocol Inspection engine.
AaronJB
Mar 22, 2024 Place Technical Articles
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Protecting the F5 BIG-IP AFM system with AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks
BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks and included signatures are updated regularly through Protocol Inspection IM update files available on MyF5 downloads. These Protocol Inspection IM update files also include improvements for efficient processing of matched traffic and protections through the system checks and help ensure the availability of the BIG-IP AFM system.
ArvinF
Mar 13, 2024 Place Technical Articles
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What Is BIG-IP?
tl;dr - BIG-IP is a collection of hardware platforms and software solutions providing services focused on security, reliability, and performance. F5's BIG-IP is a family of products covering software and hardware designed around application availability, access control, and security solutions. That's right, the BIG-IP name is interchangeable between F5's software and hardware application delivery controller and security products. This is different from BIG-IQ, a suite of management and orchestration tools, and F5 Silverline, F5's SaaS platform. When people refer to BIG-IP this can mean a single software module in BIG-IP's software family or it could mean a hardware chassis sitting in your datacenter. This can sometimes cause a lot of confusion when people say they have question about "BIG-IP" but we'll break it down here to reduce the confusion. BIG-IP Software BIG-IP software products are licensed modules that run on top of F5's Traffic Management Operation System® (TMOS). This custom operating system is an event driven operating system designed specifically to inspect network and application traffic and make real-time decisions based on the configurations you provide. The BIG-IP software can run on hardware or can run in virtualized environments. Virtualized systems provide BIG-IP software functionality where hardware implementations are unavailable, including public clouds and various managed infrastructures where rack space is a critical commodity. BIG-IP Primary Software Modules BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager (LTM) - Central to F5's full traffic proxy functionality, LTM provides the platform for creating virtual servers, performance, service, protocol, authentication, and security profiles to define and shape your application traffic. Most other modules in the BIG-IP family use LTM as a foundation for enhanced services. BIG-IP DNS - Formerly Global Traffic Manager, BIG-IP DNS provides similar security and load balancing features that LTM offers but at a global/multi-site scale. BIG-IP DNS offers services to distribute and secure DNS traffic advertising your application namespaces. BIG-IP Access Policy Manager (APM) - Provides federation, SSO, application access policies, and secure web tunneling. Allow granular access to your various applications, virtualized desktop environments, or just go full VPN tunnel. Secure Web Gateway Services (SWG) - Paired with APM, SWG enables access policy control for internet usage. You can allow, block, verify and log traffic with APM's access policies allowing flexibility around your acceptable internet and public web application use. You know.... contractors and interns shouldn't use Facebook but you're not going to be responsible why the CFO can't access their cat pics. BIG-IP Application Security Manager (ASM) - This is F5's web application firewall (WAF) solution. Traditional firewalls and layer 3 protection don't understand the complexities of many web applications. ASM allows you to tailor acceptable and expected application behavior on a per application basis . Zero day, DoS, and click fraud all rely on traditional security device's inability to protect unique application needs; ASM fills the gap between traditional firewall and tailored granular application protection. BIG-IP Advanced Firewall Manager (AFM) - AFM is designed to reduce the hardware and extra hops required when ADC's are paired with traditional firewalls. Operating at L3/L4, AFM helps protect traffic destined for your data center. Paired with ASM, you can implement protection services at L3 - L7 for a full ADC and Security solution in one box or virtual environment. BIG-IP Hardware BIG-IP hardware offers several types of purpose-built custom solutions, all designed in-house by our fantastic engineers; no white boxes here. BIG-IP hardware is offered via series releases, each offering improvements for performance and features determined by customer requirements. These may include increased port capacity, traffic throughput, CPU performance, FPGA feature functionality for hardware-based scalability, and virtualization capabilities. There are two primary variations of BIG-IP hardware, single chassis design, or VIPRION modular designs. Each offer unique advantages for internal and collocated infrastructures. Updates in processor architecture, FPGA, and interface performance gains are common so we recommend referring to F5's hardware page for more information.
Chase_Abbott
Nov 30, 2022 Place Technical Articles
76KViews
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is SMTP Smuggling and how can you deal with it?","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:328327"},"id":"message:328327","revisionNum":2,"uid":328327,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:71571"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" A quick run-down of the anatomy of an SMTP request, what SMTP Smuggling is and how you can prevent it using F5 products and features like BIG-IP AFM’s Protocol Inspection engine. ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":360},"postTime":"2024-03-20T05:00:00.025-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-03-20T05:00:00.025-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" There are quite a few articles on DevCentral discussing HTTP Request Smuggling (by myself and other authors) and SMTP Smuggling is very similar in concept – so if you haven’t read up on HTTP Request Smuggling already, I’d encourage you to do so. Still, I’ll try and cover SMTP Smuggling well enough here that those articles aren’t an absolute pre-requisite! \n The SMTP Protocol \n Much like HTTP, SMTP comes from a simpler time – a more naïve time, you might say – when clear-text protocols ran the world. As such it has been extended and progressed over the years but remains backward compatible with that very first implementation from 1982. These days you’ll most often see it encapsulated in TLS (either SMTPS or SMTP with STARTTLS), but in its most basic form an SMTP conversation looks something like this (“>” denotes something the client sends, “<” denotes something sent by the server): \n TCP connection begins \n < 220 email.example.com ESMTP SendMail > HELO sender.example.com < 250 Ok > MAIL FROM:<sender@example.com> < 250 Ok > RCPT TO :<recipient@example.com> < 250 Ok > DATA < 354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> > Subject: Test email > From: Example Sender <sender@example.com> > To: Example Recipient <recipient@example.com> > Email body goes here > . < 250 Ok <UUID> > QUIT < 221 Bye \n \n There are actually a lot more possible commands and responses than shown here, but in its very basic form, the conversation above would result in a single email being sent from the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA, usually an SMTP server like Sendmail) at sender.example.com to the MTA at email.example.com. \n You can see above also the clear delineation between commands that the receiving MTA needs to interpret (all uppercase and each one receives a numerical response code) and commands inside a data block which are intended to be interpreted by the Mail User Agent (MUA, an application like Outlook that you read the email in). Everything after “DATA” and before the “<CR><LF>.<CR><LF>” is essentially ignored by the MTA and is left for the MUA to deal with (actually it will also be parsed by the Local Delivery Agent or LDA, though in many common scenarios the MTA & LDA are effectively the same application such as Exchange). \n .. you might already be able to see where we’re going with this. \n Where does one email end and another start? \n Just like how an HTTP client tells a server where the message ends with Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding headers, the MTA helpfully told us how to end the email – it should end with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> (or in another notation, 0x0d 0x0a 0x2e 0x0d 0x0a), and that’s exactly what we did. \n But remember, SMTP is an ancient protocol, and in simpler times we liked to play fast-and-loose with protocols. Some MTAs didn’t send the full sequence to end the DATA block and, instead, preferred Unix line endings (<LF>.<LF> or 0x0a 0x2e 0x0a) and so MTAs quickly became more permissive in their handling of line endings to ensure they would inter-operate. In simpler times that’s how we fixed compatibility problems – I’d like to think that now, in 2024, we’d make sure all MTAs followed the RFC rather than allowing broken ones to talk to us but perhaps I’m too optimistic! \n So what’s the problem? \n Imagine that your sending MTA only accepts <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> as a line ending, but the receiving MTA more liberally accepts <LF>.<LF> as line endings; what would happen if the sender constructed an email body which contained <LF>.<LF>? The sending MTA would see just one email body, but the receiving MTA would see two. Let’s just show the sending side messages here for clarity: \n HELO sender.example.com<0d><0a> MAIL FROM:<sender@example.com><0d><0a> RCPT TO:<recipient@example.com><0d><0a> DATA<0d><0a> Subject: Ah ha!<0d><0a> From: Example Sender <sender@example.com><0d><0a> To: Example Recipient <recipient@example.com><0d><0a> Email body goes here<0a> .<0a> MAIL FROM:<theceo@example.com><0d><0a> RCPT TO:<hr@example.com><0d><0a> Subject: Give that man a raise!<0d><0a> From: The CEO <theceo@example.com><0d><0a> To: HR <hr@example.com><0d><0a> Please give this man an enormous raise, he deserves it!<0d><0a> I suggest 50%!<0d><0a> Best Regards,<0d><0a> CEO<0d><0a> .<0d><0a> QUIT<0d><0a> \n I’ve represented the line endings with <0d> for a carriage return and <0a> for a line-feed. You can see that the first email ends with <LF>.<LF>, and in our example here the sending MTA ignores this and sees only one email – the email is a bit weird because it contains SMTP commands, but the MTA doesn’t know that because it doesn’t look. The receiving MTA, meanwhile, is more permissive and so ends the first email after “Email body goes here” and sees two emails – voila, smuggling! \n Smuggling, what is it good for? \n Just like HTTP Request Smuggling, SMTP smuggling is good if you want to sneak a message through that would otherwise have been rejected by a protection mechanism like SPF or SKIM. The most obvious use is in constructing more convincing phishing emails which will appear to be very legitimate indeed (and pass all the security checks), though I’m sure attackers will find new and novel uses for the technique as time passes. \n If you want to know more – like which email systems are known to be susceptible – then I’d highly recommend reading SEC Consult’s original research disclosure. They go into the SMTP protocol and smuggling techniques in more detail than I have here and have a full run-down of the systems they’ve tested against and the outcomes they had. \n How can F5 help? \n Great news! F5 products can help here – BIG-IP AFM has Protocol Inspection functionality which can block many SMTP smuggling attempts under the “Malformed SMTP PDU” inspection: \n \n \n You just need to ensure that Action is set to Reject or Drop for that inspection and that your inspection profile is associated with your SMTP Virtual Server. The BIG-IP AFM Operations Guide has more documentation on how to use Protocol Inspection. \n \n Note: The only caveat to the above is that the Malformed SMTP PDU inspection cannot block or drop SMTP requests where the line ending is <CR>.<CR> which is a known smuggling technique against Cisco Secure Email Gateway – if you use Cisco Secure Email Gateway as your receiving MTA then you should follow the advice in SEC Consult’s blog and change CR & LF Handling to Reject. \n \n I hope that helps shed a little light on SMTP Smuggling as well as your options for preventing it in your network using F5 products! 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These Protocol Inspection IM update files also include improvements for efficient processing of matched traffic and protections through the system checks and help ensure the availability of the BIG-IP AFM system. ","introduction":"Hi there, Arvin here from the F5 SIRT. In this article, we look at F5 BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks and protection it provides to the BIG-IP AFM System.","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":464},"postTime":"2024-03-13T08:10:47.601-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-03-13T11:20:11.512-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" F5 BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks are included in signature updates and are constantly updated and trigger configured Action should a condition in the system or traffic being processed be matched. These System Checks ensure the availability of the BIG-IP AFM System by preventing traffic that potentially consumes resources. \n AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks \n AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks can be found under the Protocol Inspection profile configuration \n Security ›› Protocol Security : Inspection Profiles ›› <Protocol Inspection Profile > \n As of this writing, there are 5 system checks: \n \n \n \n \n \n ID \n \n Description \n \n \n Documentation \n \n \n \n 300 \n \n Max signature engine per-flow memory allocation \n \n \n This system check is raised when the signature engine allocates more than the specified memory (in bytes) for a single flow. \n \n \n \n 301 \n \n Max signature engine chunk allocated \n \n \n This system check is raised when the signature engine requests to allocate more than the specified memory chunk size (in bytes). \n \n \n \n 302 \n \n Max signature hyperscan match count \n \n \n This system check is raised when hyperscan produces more than specified per-flow matches. \n \n \n \n 303 \n \n Max inspection match count \n \n \n This system check is raised when a single flow produces more than a specified number of compliance matches. \n \n \n \n 304 \n \n Max hyperscan each id match count \n \n \n This system check limits each hyperscan ID match count per flow. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Description and Documentation for each of these System Check ID provides an idea of what type of traffic it matches and the condition it protects against. \n Sample Inspection Logs for AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks \n ID 300 - Max signature engine per-flow memory allocation \n \n ID 302 and ID 303, Max signature hyperscan match count and Max inspection match count, respectively \n \n What is this hyperscan? \n In K00322533: Overview of BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection custom signatures, It is briefly described as a \"regular expression library\". \n In \"Manual Chapter: Acknowledgments and Open Source Notices\" \" it notes for AFM, \"This product includes libhs (lib HyperScan), developed by Intel / LibHyperScan and distributed by the BSD 3-Clause.\" \n Borrowing from https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/introduction-to-hyperscan.html \n Hyperscan is a high-performance regular expression matching library from Intel that runs on x86 platforms and offers support for Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) syntax, simultaneous matching of groups of regular expressions, and streaming operations. It is released as open source software under a BSD license. Hyperscan presents a flexible C API and a number of different modes of operation to ensure its applicability in real networking scenarios. \n AFM Protocol Inspection Signature Updates \n AFM Protocol Inspection Signature Updates are regularly released on MyF5 downloads for BIG-IP software versions. It also includes a PDF release note for each update. \n Example - For BIG-IP 16.1: \n Package Name = IM-2024-2-22 \n Note: IM package pi_updates_16.1.0-20230322.0546.im is mandatory to install to avoid the error (ERROR: IM package \n is too big to install and the allowed max size is 20MB) \n PDF release note: \n \n As noted, a specific IM update file is mandatory to be installed before updating to a later/latest IM update file. The mandatory IM file is also available on MyF5 downloads. \n \n BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Check ID 304 - mitigation for K000137595: BIG-IP AFM signature matching vulnerability CVE-2024-21771 \n F5 recently disclosed K000137595: BIG-IP AFM signature matching vulnerability CVE-2024-21771 where a vulnerability in AFM Signature matching through the Protocol Inspection profile may cause the TMM process to crash. \n https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000137595 \n AFM Protocol Inspection System Check ID 304 was added in the Protocol Inspection IM file updates to provide mitigation for this condition. \n What makes System Check ID 304 special is the Max Hyperscan Each ID Match Count (ID 304) system check provides mitigation regardless of its configured Action setting. \n Other system checks Action setting can be set per your needs. \n There are improvements added in the Protocol Inspection IM file updates that make the signature matching more efficient, however, should a specific signature hit the condition of System Check ID 304, it will provide mitigation by dropping the matched traffic. \n \n Conclusion \n BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks and included signatures are updated regularly through Protocol Inspection IM update files available on MyF5 downloads. These Protocol Inspection IM update files also include improvements for efficient processing of matched traffic and protections through the system checks and help ensure the availability of the BIG-IP AFM system. Update these regularly as part of your BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection implementation hardening process. For more information, refer to K17341610: Updating the BIG-IP AFM protocol inspection signatures using the Configuration utility. For BIG-IP software update recommendation, run the latest BIG-IP versions, in particular, plan to upgrade to BIG-IP version 16.1 and 17.1 latest versions to ensure longer software support and receive security and product software fixes. Do note that BIG-IP version 15.1 will reach its End of Software Development (EoSD) and End of Technical Support (EoTS) on December 31, 2024. For more information on this, refer to K5903: BIG-IP software support policy. \n Reference links: \n https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K17341610 \n https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K5903 \n Thanks for reading and I hope you find this helpful and educational. \n The F5 SIRT creates security-related content posted here in DevCentral, sharing the team's security mindset and knowledge. Feel free to view the articles that are tagged with the following: \n \n F5 SIRT \n series-F5SIRT-this-week-in-security \n TWIS \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"6127","kudosSumWeight":1,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtalp3Y3No?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtclFNUHNx?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDM","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtNTVxWGY5?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDQ","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtajNBd2Jx?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDU","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtQVR0Ukcy?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDY","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtWmlRYjNV?revision=5\"}"}}],"totalCount":6,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:279398":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:279398","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":279398},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2022-11-30T10:33:12.556-08:00","solved":false},"User:user:216790":{"__typename":"User","uid":216790,"login":"Chase_Abbott","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/dS0yMTY3OTAtMTcxMjhpRTUxRjc5QkI2RjcxNDQ5OA"},"id":"user:216790"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzkzOTgtMTI1ODhpOUIwMzkwRERDMDU5MTBGOQ?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzkzOTgtMTI1ODhpOUIwMzkwRERDMDU5MTBGOQ?revision=2","title":"0151T000003d5rsQAA.png","associationType":"BODY","width":950,"height":40,"altText":null},"TkbTopicMessage:message:279398":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"What Is BIG-IP?","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:279398"},"id":"message:279398","revisionNum":2,"uid":279398,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:216790"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":75979},"postTime":"2017-01-19T03:00:00.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2022-11-30T10:33:12.556-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n tl;dr - BIG-IP is a collection of hardware platforms and software solutions providing services focused on security, reliability, and performance. \n F5's BIG-IP is a family of products covering software and hardware designed around application availability, access control, and security solutions. That's right, the BIG-IP name is interchangeable between F5's software and hardware application delivery controller and security products. This is different from BIG-IQ, a suite of management and orchestration tools, and F5 Silverline, F5's SaaS platform. When people refer to BIG-IP this can mean a single software module in BIG-IP's software family or it could mean a hardware chassis sitting in your datacenter. This can sometimes cause a lot of confusion when people say they have question about \"BIG-IP\" but we'll break it down here to reduce the confusion. \n \n BIG-IP Software \n BIG-IP software products are licensed modules that run on top of F5's Traffic Management Operation System® (TMOS). This custom operating system is an event driven operating system designed specifically to inspect network and application traffic and make real-time decisions based on the configurations you provide. The BIG-IP software can run on hardware or can run in virtualized environments. Virtualized systems provide BIG-IP software functionality where hardware implementations are unavailable, including public clouds and various managed infrastructures where rack space is a critical commodity. \n \n BIG-IP Primary Software Modules \n \n BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager (LTM) - Central to F5's full traffic proxy functionality, LTM provides the platform for creating virtual servers, performance, service, protocol, authentication, and security profiles to define and shape your application traffic. Most other modules in the BIG-IP family use LTM as a foundation for enhanced services. \n BIG-IP DNS - Formerly Global Traffic Manager, BIG-IP DNS provides similar security and load balancing features that LTM offers but at a global/multi-site scale. BIG-IP DNS offers services to distribute and secure DNS traffic advertising your application namespaces. \n BIG-IP Access Policy Manager (APM) - Provides federation, SSO, application access policies, and secure web tunneling. Allow granular access to your various applications, virtualized desktop environments, or just go full VPN tunnel. \n Secure Web Gateway Services (SWG) - Paired with APM, SWG enables access policy control for internet usage. You can allow, block, verify and log traffic with APM's access policies allowing flexibility around your acceptable internet and public web application use. You know.... contractors and interns shouldn't use Facebook but you're not going to be responsible why the CFO can't access their cat pics. \n BIG-IP Application Security Manager (ASM) - This is F5's web application firewall (WAF) solution. Traditional firewalls and layer 3 protection don't understand the complexities of many web applications. ASM allows you to tailor acceptable and expected application behavior on a per application basis . Zero day, DoS, and click fraud all rely on traditional security device's inability to protect unique application needs; ASM fills the gap between traditional firewall and tailored granular application protection. \n BIG-IP Advanced Firewall Manager (AFM) - AFM is designed to reduce the hardware and extra hops required when ADC's are paired with traditional firewalls. Operating at L3/L4, AFM helps protect traffic destined for your data center. Paired with ASM, you can implement protection services at L3 - L7 for a full ADC and Security solution in one box or virtual environment. \n \n \n BIG-IP Hardware \n BIG-IP hardware offers several types of purpose-built custom solutions, all designed in-house by our fantastic engineers; no white boxes here. BIG-IP hardware is offered via series releases, each offering improvements for performance and features determined by customer requirements. These may include increased port capacity, traffic throughput, CPU performance, FPGA feature functionality for hardware-based scalability, and virtualization capabilities. There are two primary variations of BIG-IP hardware, single chassis design, or VIPRION modular designs. Each offer unique advantages for internal and collocated infrastructures. Updates in processor architecture, FPGA, and interface performance gains are common so we recommend referring to F5's hardware page for more information. 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What is SMTP Smuggling and how can you deal with it?

Protecting the F5 BIG-IP AFM system with AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks

What Is BIG-IP?

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