big-ip afm

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Google and Chrome proposed split, CISA insights, AI OSS-Fuzz, Roundup

ArvinF
Nov 27, 2024 Place Security Insights
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What is SMTP Smuggling and how can you deal with it?
A quick run-down of the anatomy of an SMTP request, what SMTP Smuggling is and how you can prevent it using F5 products and features like BIG-IP AFM’s Protocol Inspection engine.
AaronJB
Mar 22, 2024 Place Technical Articles
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Protecting the F5 BIG-IP AFM system with AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks
BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks and included signatures are updated regularly through Protocol Inspection IM update files available on MyF5 downloads. These Protocol Inspection IM update files also include improvements for efficient processing of matched traffic and protections through the system checks and help ensure the availability of the BIG-IP AFM system.
ArvinF
Mar 13, 2024 Place Technical Articles
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What Is BIG-IP?
tl;dr - BIG-IP is a collection of hardware platforms and software solutions providing services focused on security, reliability, and performance. F5's BIG-IP is a family of products covering software and hardware designed around application availability, access control, and security solutions. That's right, the BIG-IP name is interchangeable between F5's software and hardware application delivery controller and security products. This is different from BIG-IQ, a suite of management and orchestration tools, and F5 Silverline, F5's SaaS platform. When people refer to BIG-IP this can mean a single software module in BIG-IP's software family or it could mean a hardware chassis sitting in your datacenter. This can sometimes cause a lot of confusion when people say they have question about "BIG-IP" but we'll break it down here to reduce the confusion. BIG-IP Software BIG-IP software products are licensed modules that run on top of F5's Traffic Management Operation System® (TMOS). This custom operating system is an event driven operating system designed specifically to inspect network and application traffic and make real-time decisions based on the configurations you provide. The BIG-IP software can run on hardware or can run in virtualized environments. Virtualized systems provide BIG-IP software functionality where hardware implementations are unavailable, including public clouds and various managed infrastructures where rack space is a critical commodity. BIG-IP Primary Software Modules BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager (LTM) - Central to F5's full traffic proxy functionality, LTM provides the platform for creating virtual servers, performance, service, protocol, authentication, and security profiles to define and shape your application traffic. Most other modules in the BIG-IP family use LTM as a foundation for enhanced services. BIG-IP DNS - Formerly Global Traffic Manager, BIG-IP DNS provides similar security and load balancing features that LTM offers but at a global/multi-site scale. BIG-IP DNS offers services to distribute and secure DNS traffic advertising your application namespaces. BIG-IP Access Policy Manager (APM) - Provides federation, SSO, application access policies, and secure web tunneling. Allow granular access to your various applications, virtualized desktop environments, or just go full VPN tunnel. Secure Web Gateway Services (SWG) - Paired with APM, SWG enables access policy control for internet usage. You can allow, block, verify and log traffic with APM's access policies allowing flexibility around your acceptable internet and public web application use. You know.... contractors and interns shouldn't use Facebook but you're not going to be responsible why the CFO can't access their cat pics. BIG-IP Application Security Manager (ASM) - This is F5's web application firewall (WAF) solution. Traditional firewalls and layer 3 protection don't understand the complexities of many web applications. ASM allows you to tailor acceptable and expected application behavior on a per application basis . Zero day, DoS, and click fraud all rely on traditional security device's inability to protect unique application needs; ASM fills the gap between traditional firewall and tailored granular application protection. BIG-IP Advanced Firewall Manager (AFM) - AFM is designed to reduce the hardware and extra hops required when ADC's are paired with traditional firewalls. Operating at L3/L4, AFM helps protect traffic destined for your data center. Paired with ASM, you can implement protection services at L3 - L7 for a full ADC and Security solution in one box or virtual environment. BIG-IP Hardware BIG-IP hardware offers several types of purpose-built custom solutions, all designed in-house by our fantastic engineers; no white boxes here. BIG-IP hardware is offered via series releases, each offering improvements for performance and features determined by customer requirements. These may include increased port capacity, traffic throughput, CPU performance, FPGA feature functionality for hardware-based scalability, and virtualization capabilities. There are two primary variations of BIG-IP hardware, single chassis design, or VIPRION modular designs. Each offer unique advantages for internal and collocated infrastructures. Updates in processor architecture, FPGA, and interface performance gains are common so we recommend referring to F5's hardware page for more information.
Chase_Abbott
Nov 30, 2022 Place Technical Articles
76KViews
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1 - Timeline of Red Team Activity (CI).png","associationType":"BODY","width":1024,"height":567,"altText":""},"TkbTopicMessage:message:338065":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Google and Chrome proposed split, CISA insights, AI OSS-Fuzz, Roundup","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:338065"},"id":"message:338065","revisionNum":2,"uid":338065,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:security-insights"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:72057"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":197},"postTime":"2024-11-27T05:00:00.058-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-11-27T05:00:00.058-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Hello! ArvinF is your editor for this edition of the F5 SIRT This Week in Security, covering 17 to 23 November 2024. We have news this week on a proposed split of Google Chrome browser from Google, insights from a CISA red team exercise, the recovery Change healthcare services, Google's AI powered OSS-Fuzz tool, and a round up on \"swatting\", EoS and Critical CVEs, \"digital end of life planning\" and \"future proofing\". I hope you find the selection educational and help increase your security mindset. \n Credit to the original authors of the articles. \n If this is your first TWIS, you can always read past editions . The F5 SIRT also encourages you to check out all of the content from the F5 SIRT. \n Let's get to it! \n Google and Chrome proposed split \n The US DoJ is proposing to split Chrome web browser from Google. The aim of this proposed divesting from Chrome by Google is to end its monopoly on search. Google derives most of its profits from advertisements and having the Chrome browser using Google Search as its default search engine makes the competition steep. As Chrome browser has a very large user base, Google has monopoly of the search results, use of these search activity and content scraping for training AI models and advertisements returned to users. If this proposal pulls through, chrome browser will have a new owner and have access to its code and will maintain its security. Another consequence is the split it that it would potentially break Google Services their users find helpful for their daily activities. On the business side of this proposal, industry giants revenue such as Apple and Mozilla will be impacted as Google pays to have Google Search as the default search for Safari and Firefox. We will have to see how this plays out. \n DoJ wants Google to sell Chrome and ban it from paying to be search default \n \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/21/usa_vs_google_full_filing/ \n https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/file/1577991/dl \n https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/google-chrome-us-department-justice-antitrust-advertising-internet-monopoly-4761976 \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/10/09/usa_vs_google_proposed_remedies/ \n \n CISA Red Team exercise insights \n CISA conducted a red team assessment and documented it in their article \"Enhancing Cyber Resilience: Insights from CISA Red Team Assessment of a US Critical Infrastructure Sector Organization\". \n \n Figure 1: Timeline of Red Team Cyber Threat Activity \n The figure \"Timeline of Red Team Cyber Threat Activity\" shows that the successful initial access to the target organization was thru \"an old and unpatched service with a known XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability\" that has a public PoC on the target web server. An existing \"Web Shell\" in the Linux based web server allowed the red team to execute commands. After the initial foothold, the red team escalated privileges as the service account on the web server had too much privileges available via sudo. They moved laterally - insufficient network segmentation from the Linux to the Windows environment allowed eventual grabbing of Kerberos TGT from the Windows DC as some of the windows hosts had unconstrained delegation enabled. When unconstrained delegation is enabled, Kerberos TGTs of any user that authenticates to it are stored on these systems. \"With sufficient privileges, an actor can obtain those tickets and impersonate associated users.\" \n From a mitigation perspective, I hope that organizations do add layers of protection to their networks, applications and sensitive business systems. A Web Application Firewall such as F5 BIG-IP ASM/Adv WAF, NGINX App Protect or F5 Distributed Cloud would have offered mitigations to the initial \"XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability\" on the target web server thru attack signatures and security policy configurations. If BIG-IP AFM was deployed, it could offer network segmentation with its network firewall policy configursation and IPS/IDS functionality thru Protocol Inspection. BIG-IP SSLO can integrate with other security products as it provides access to encrypted traffic passing thru it and action based on detected behavior of the chained security service. \n The CISA article has extensive details of the red team excercise findings and recommendations. Do have a read of the \"Noted Strengths\" - while the target organization had shortcomings, it also had some strengths such as the proper deployment of the EDR and incident response capabilities. The mitigations section is also insightful for Network Defenders, Software Manufacturers and a section for recommendation to \"continually test your security program, at scale, in a production environment to ensure optimal performance against the MITRE ATT&CK techniques identified\". Organizations should ensure to allow minimal privilege to service accounts, secure configuration of business systems - remove unused and potentially vulnerable software, logging and keep the systems OS up to date. \n Here's what happens if you don't layer network security – or remove unused web shells \n \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/22/cisa_red_team_exercise/ \n https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa24-326a \n https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-11/aa24-326a-enhancing-cyber-resilience-insights-from-cisa-red-team-assessment_0.pdf \n https://www.cisa.gov/securebydesign \n https://techdocs.f5.com/en-us/bigip-17-1-0/ssl-orchestrator-setup/topologies-in-sslo/configuring-service-chain.html \n \n Change Healthcare services restored \n Change Healthcare recovered from the ransomware attack it experienced 9 months ago. ALPHV/Blackcat threat group sidelined it and affected 94 percent of payment transactions between hospitals and practitioners throughout the US healthcare system. The Change Healthcare CEO faced the US congress and explained that the breach was due to the use of stolen credentials by the threat group to log into a Citrix portal that did not have multi-factor authentication (MFA) enabled. The organization also paid the ransom - UnitedHealth paid $22 million to the attackers. \n Change Healthcare's ransomware attacks were documented in previous F5SIRT TWIS editions in February and March 2024. It was unfortunate as the healthcare system and payments were affected and had financial consequences for both the organizations and public. \n K08200035: Use cases | BIG-IP APM operations guide have authentication and authorization configurations available in BIG-IP APM. Organizations which are looking to secure their services should implement standard protocols such as OpenID and Oauth 2.0. BIG-IP APM Access policy can also implement client checks and integrate with a MFA solution to increase the difficulty of attempting to gain access using stolen credentials. \n Security training such as for identifying phishing and following IT security processes for security incident response should be regularly conducted as \"Human Firewall\" of the organization needs to be up to date and continuously monitoring potentially malicious activities that may lead to breaches. Mega US healthcare payments network restores system 9 months after ransomware attack \n \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/20/change_healthcares_clearinghouse_services/ \n https://community.f5.com/kb/security-insights/inspectre-rustpanos-cves-x-url-blunder-and-more-april-8-14-2024-f5-sirt-this-wee/329120 \n https://community.f5.com/kb/security-insights/lockbit-resurface-after-takeover--lazarus-are-hitting-feb-25th-%E2%80%93-march-2nd—thi/328326 \n \n K08200035: Use cases | BIG-IP APM operations guide \n \n https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K08200035 \n \n Google OSS-Fuzz AI powered vulnerability finder \n Google's OSS-Fuzz is an AI-driven fuzzing tool that uses large language models (LLMs) to help find bugs in code repositories. It found 26 vulnerabilities and recently found a critical CVE in OpenSSL. Per my read, OpenSSL scored the CVE as a Low while Google score it as a Critical as OpenSSL is a widely utilized software and library. \n Leveraging AI driven tools in software development and testing will surely help organizations deliver secure software now and in the future as these solutions mature. \n As defenders, vulnerabilities in applications and systems should be addressed. Keep your systems up to date on patches and ensure secure management and application access are in place. \n Google's AI bug hunters sniff out two dozen-plus code gremlins that humans missed \n \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/20/google_ossfuzz/ \n https://security.googleblog.com/2024/11/leveling-up-fuzzing-finding-more.html \n \n \"swatting\", EoS and Critical CVEs, \"Digital end of life planning\", \"Future proofing\" \n “swatting” - a term that refers to calling emergency services to report a fake emergency of sufficient seriousness that it has the potential to result in the deployment of Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams. A teen serial \"swatter for hire\" pleaded guilty to 4 counts and scoped in 375 swatting calls to law enforcement and is now facing jail time. Cyber threat groups also use swatting to extort and intimidate ransomware victims such as in the case of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center back in January. \n Older models of D-Link VPN routers DSR-150 / DSR-150N / DSR-250 / DSR-250N all hardware versions and firmware version have been EOL/EOS as of 05/01/2024 are potentially in trouble due to disclosure of a serious remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability - a buffer overflow bug that leads to unauthenticated RCE. No patches will be provided per D-Link and instead, offers a 20 percent discount on a new service router (DSR-250v2) to aid consumers of tech refreshing these out of support vulnerable hardware. D-Link advised to regularly update each device's unique password used to access its web management and ensuring Wi-Fi encryption is enabled. D-Link also announced that EoL/EoS devices and NAS Models is affected by CVE-2024-10914 - a Command Injection Vulnerability. \n Palo Alto Networks Critical CVEs , CVSS 9.9 - CVE-2024-9463 and CVSS 9.2 - CVE-2024-9465, both affecting the Expedition migration tool is under active exploitation. The CVEs can be exploited by an unauthenticated attacker. \n The governments of Japan and Sweden provided future proofing advise to their citizens. \n Japan's National Consumer Affairs Center suggested citizens start \"digital end of life planning\" and it includes: \n \n Ensuring family members can unlock your smartphone or computer in case of emergency; Maintain a list of your subscriptions, user IDs and passwords; Consider putting those details in a document intended to be made available when your life ends; Use a service that allows you to designate someone to have access to your smartphone and other accounts once your time on Earth ends. \n \n Sweden's government \"If crisis or war comes\" guide received its first update in six years and its distribution to every Swedish household citing factors such as war, terrorism, cyberattacks, and increasingly extreme weather events and calls for unity to secure the country's independence. \n Snippet from the document: \n \n Digital security Digitalisation can make us vulnerable to cyber attacks that knock out critical IT systems. You play a part in strengthening Sweden’s resilience by handling information in a safe and secure way, both at home and at work. \n Tips to get started: Create strong passwords that use a combination of letters, numbers and symbols. Don’t click on links in emails, or open attachments from unknown senders. Install security updates immediately. Perform regular backups of important information to an external hard drive, USB drive or cloud service. \n \n As observed in previous security news and announcements, running systems with unauthenticated critical CVEs exposes the organization to risks of a security breach of these systems and further deploying malware, exfiltrate data and affect the availability of systems ands services. Organizations should address these vulnerabilities on supported vendor products promptly. For devices that already reached an \"End of Support\" state, a technology refresh of systems with newer and supported platforms will enable the organization to run up to date software from the vendor. Organizations should ensure to secure access to the management interfaces of systems by not exposing these interfaces or APIs to the public internet and allowing only trusted users and networks access. \n \"swatting\" takes away resources and misleads authorities to action on fraudulent emergency calls and with malicious intent and will surely land someone in jail - \"don't do it\" and \"don't offer\". The snippet from Wikipedia on swatting countermeasures includes \"educating 911 dispatchers to identify fraudulent calls; ensuring that responding officers were aware of the potential for a hoax; and creating an opt-in registry for people who feared that they might become victims of swatting, such as journalists, celebrities, and live streamers. Using the registry, these people can provide cautionary information to the police, to inform officers responding to potential swatting attempts that target the victim's address\". \n Japan and Sweden have provided their citizens guidance in preparation of significant events with focus in digital footprints. These are good practice and helps ones that would manage these information and assets in the future. \n Teen serial swatter-for-hire busted, pleads guilty, could face 20 years \n \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/18/teenage_serial_swatterforhire_busted/ \n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatting \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/01/05/swatting_extorion_tactics/ \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/20/dlink_rip_replace_router/ \n https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/security/publication.aspx?name=SAP10415 \n https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/security/publication.aspx?name=SAP10413 \n \n Put your usernames and passwords in your will, advises Japan's government \n \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/21/japan_digital_end_of_life/ \n \n Sweden's 'Doomsday Prep for Dummies' guide hits mailboxes today \n \n https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/18/sweden_updates_war_guide/ \n https://rib.msb.se/filer/pdf/30874.pdf \n \n \n \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"14506","kudosSumWeight":1,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMzgwNjUtYlZ0bldl?revision=2\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMzgwNjUtMXJFSUMx?revision=2\"}"}}],"totalCount":2,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:328327":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:328327","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":328327},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2024-03-22T06:25:48.410-07:00","solved":false},"User:user:71571":{"__typename":"User","uid":71571,"login":"AaronJB","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/dS03MTU3MS03eU8wS1o?image-coordinates=4%2C0%2C587%2C583"},"id":"user:71571"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMjctSEdHQWxt?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMjctSEdHQWxt?revision=2","title":"clipboard_image-1-1709825514335.png","associationType":"BODY","width":854,"height":852,"altText":""},"TkbTopicMessage:message:328327":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"What is SMTP Smuggling and how can you deal with it?","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:328327"},"id":"message:328327","revisionNum":2,"uid":328327,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:71571"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" A quick run-down of the anatomy of an SMTP request, what SMTP Smuggling is and how you can prevent it using F5 products and features like BIG-IP AFM’s Protocol Inspection engine. ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":363},"postTime":"2024-03-20T05:00:00.025-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-03-20T05:00:00.025-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" There are quite a few articles on DevCentral discussing HTTP Request Smuggling (by myself and other authors) and SMTP Smuggling is very similar in concept – so if you haven’t read up on HTTP Request Smuggling already, I’d encourage you to do so. Still, I’ll try and cover SMTP Smuggling well enough here that those articles aren’t an absolute pre-requisite! \n The SMTP Protocol \n Much like HTTP, SMTP comes from a simpler time – a more naïve time, you might say – when clear-text protocols ran the world. As such it has been extended and progressed over the years but remains backward compatible with that very first implementation from 1982. These days you’ll most often see it encapsulated in TLS (either SMTPS or SMTP with STARTTLS), but in its most basic form an SMTP conversation looks something like this (“>” denotes something the client sends, “<” denotes something sent by the server): \n TCP connection begins \n < 220 email.example.com ESMTP SendMail > HELO sender.example.com < 250 Ok > MAIL FROM:<sender@example.com> < 250 Ok > RCPT TO :<recipient@example.com> < 250 Ok > DATA < 354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> > Subject: Test email > From: Example Sender <sender@example.com> > To: Example Recipient <recipient@example.com> > Email body goes here > . < 250 Ok <UUID> > QUIT < 221 Bye \n \n There are actually a lot more possible commands and responses than shown here, but in its very basic form, the conversation above would result in a single email being sent from the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA, usually an SMTP server like Sendmail) at sender.example.com to the MTA at email.example.com. \n You can see above also the clear delineation between commands that the receiving MTA needs to interpret (all uppercase and each one receives a numerical response code) and commands inside a data block which are intended to be interpreted by the Mail User Agent (MUA, an application like Outlook that you read the email in). Everything after “DATA” and before the “<CR><LF>.<CR><LF>” is essentially ignored by the MTA and is left for the MUA to deal with (actually it will also be parsed by the Local Delivery Agent or LDA, though in many common scenarios the MTA & LDA are effectively the same application such as Exchange). \n .. you might already be able to see where we’re going with this. \n Where does one email end and another start? \n Just like how an HTTP client tells a server where the message ends with Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding headers, the MTA helpfully told us how to end the email – it should end with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> (or in another notation, 0x0d 0x0a 0x2e 0x0d 0x0a), and that’s exactly what we did. \n But remember, SMTP is an ancient protocol, and in simpler times we liked to play fast-and-loose with protocols. Some MTAs didn’t send the full sequence to end the DATA block and, instead, preferred Unix line endings (<LF>.<LF> or 0x0a 0x2e 0x0a) and so MTAs quickly became more permissive in their handling of line endings to ensure they would inter-operate. In simpler times that’s how we fixed compatibility problems – I’d like to think that now, in 2024, we’d make sure all MTAs followed the RFC rather than allowing broken ones to talk to us but perhaps I’m too optimistic! \n So what’s the problem? \n Imagine that your sending MTA only accepts <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> as a line ending, but the receiving MTA more liberally accepts <LF>.<LF> as line endings; what would happen if the sender constructed an email body which contained <LF>.<LF>? The sending MTA would see just one email body, but the receiving MTA would see two. Let’s just show the sending side messages here for clarity: \n HELO sender.example.com<0d><0a> MAIL FROM:<sender@example.com><0d><0a> RCPT TO:<recipient@example.com><0d><0a> DATA<0d><0a> Subject: Ah ha!<0d><0a> From: Example Sender <sender@example.com><0d><0a> To: Example Recipient <recipient@example.com><0d><0a> Email body goes here<0a> .<0a> MAIL FROM:<theceo@example.com><0d><0a> RCPT TO:<hr@example.com><0d><0a> Subject: Give that man a raise!<0d><0a> From: The CEO <theceo@example.com><0d><0a> To: HR <hr@example.com><0d><0a> Please give this man an enormous raise, he deserves it!<0d><0a> I suggest 50%!<0d><0a> Best Regards,<0d><0a> CEO<0d><0a> .<0d><0a> QUIT<0d><0a> \n I’ve represented the line endings with <0d> for a carriage return and <0a> for a line-feed. You can see that the first email ends with <LF>.<LF>, and in our example here the sending MTA ignores this and sees only one email – the email is a bit weird because it contains SMTP commands, but the MTA doesn’t know that because it doesn’t look. The receiving MTA, meanwhile, is more permissive and so ends the first email after “Email body goes here” and sees two emails – voila, smuggling! \n Smuggling, what is it good for? \n Just like HTTP Request Smuggling, SMTP smuggling is good if you want to sneak a message through that would otherwise have been rejected by a protection mechanism like SPF or SKIM. The most obvious use is in constructing more convincing phishing emails which will appear to be very legitimate indeed (and pass all the security checks), though I’m sure attackers will find new and novel uses for the technique as time passes. \n If you want to know more – like which email systems are known to be susceptible – then I’d highly recommend reading SEC Consult’s original research disclosure. They go into the SMTP protocol and smuggling techniques in more detail than I have here and have a full run-down of the systems they’ve tested against and the outcomes they had. \n How can F5 help? \n Great news! F5 products can help here – BIG-IP AFM has Protocol Inspection functionality which can block many SMTP smuggling attempts under the “Malformed SMTP PDU” inspection: \n \n \n You just need to ensure that Action is set to Reject or Drop for that inspection and that your inspection profile is associated with your SMTP Virtual Server. The BIG-IP AFM Operations Guide has more documentation on how to use Protocol Inspection. \n \n Note: The only caveat to the above is that the Malformed SMTP PDU inspection cannot block or drop SMTP requests where the line ending is <CR>.<CR> which is a known smuggling technique against Cisco Secure Email Gateway – if you use Cisco Secure Email Gateway as your receiving MTA then you should follow the advice in SEC Consult’s blog and change CR & LF Handling to Reject. \n \n I hope that helps shed a little light on SMTP Smuggling as well as your options for preventing it in your network using F5 products! ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"7104","kudosSumWeight":4,"repliesCount":1,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMjctSEdHQWxt?revision=2\"}"}}],"totalCount":1,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:328305":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:328305","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":328305},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2024-03-13T11:20:11.512-07:00","solved":false},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtalp3Y3No?revision=5\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtalp3Y3No?revision=5","title":"id300-logs.png","associationType":"BODY","width":2369,"height":881,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtclFNUHNx?revision=5\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtclFNUHNx?revision=5","title":"id302-303-logs.png","associationType":"BODY","width":2369,"height":717,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtNTVxWGY5?revision=5\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtNTVxWGY5?revision=5","title":"PI-update-file-RN.png","associationType":"BODY","width":2249,"height":606,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtajNBd2Jx?revision=5\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtajNBd2Jx?revision=5","title":"PI-update-file-MyF5-downloads.png","associationType":"BODY","width":1989,"height":902,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtQVR0Ukcy?revision=5\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtQVR0Ukcy?revision=5","title":"PI-system-checks.png","associationType":"BODY","width":2304,"height":753,"altText":""},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtWmlRYjNV?revision=5\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtWmlRYjNV?revision=5","title":"PI-system-check-id-304.png","associationType":"BODY","width":387,"height":550,"altText":""},"TkbTopicMessage:message:328305":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Protecting the F5 BIG-IP AFM system with AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:328305"},"id":"message:328305","revisionNum":5,"uid":328305,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:72057"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks and included signatures are updated regularly through Protocol Inspection IM update files available on MyF5 downloads. These Protocol Inspection IM update files also include improvements for efficient processing of matched traffic and protections through the system checks and help ensure the availability of the BIG-IP AFM system. ","introduction":"Hi there, Arvin here from the F5 SIRT. In this article, we look at F5 BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks and protection it provides to the BIG-IP AFM System.","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":467},"postTime":"2024-03-13T08:10:47.601-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-03-13T11:20:11.512-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" F5 BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks are included in signature updates and are constantly updated and trigger configured Action should a condition in the system or traffic being processed be matched. These System Checks ensure the availability of the BIG-IP AFM System by preventing traffic that potentially consumes resources. \n AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks \n AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks can be found under the Protocol Inspection profile configuration \n Security ›› Protocol Security : Inspection Profiles ›› <Protocol Inspection Profile > \n As of this writing, there are 5 system checks: \n \n \n \n \n \n ID \n \n Description \n \n \n Documentation \n \n \n \n 300 \n \n Max signature engine per-flow memory allocation \n \n \n This system check is raised when the signature engine allocates more than the specified memory (in bytes) for a single flow. \n \n \n \n 301 \n \n Max signature engine chunk allocated \n \n \n This system check is raised when the signature engine requests to allocate more than the specified memory chunk size (in bytes). \n \n \n \n 302 \n \n Max signature hyperscan match count \n \n \n This system check is raised when hyperscan produces more than specified per-flow matches. \n \n \n \n 303 \n \n Max inspection match count \n \n \n This system check is raised when a single flow produces more than a specified number of compliance matches. \n \n \n \n 304 \n \n Max hyperscan each id match count \n \n \n This system check limits each hyperscan ID match count per flow. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Description and Documentation for each of these System Check ID provides an idea of what type of traffic it matches and the condition it protects against. \n Sample Inspection Logs for AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks \n ID 300 - Max signature engine per-flow memory allocation \n \n ID 302 and ID 303, Max signature hyperscan match count and Max inspection match count, respectively \n \n What is this hyperscan? \n In K00322533: Overview of BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection custom signatures, It is briefly described as a \"regular expression library\". \n In \"Manual Chapter: Acknowledgments and Open Source Notices\" \" it notes for AFM, \"This product includes libhs (lib HyperScan), developed by Intel / LibHyperScan and distributed by the BSD 3-Clause.\" \n Borrowing from https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/introduction-to-hyperscan.html \n Hyperscan is a high-performance regular expression matching library from Intel that runs on x86 platforms and offers support for Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) syntax, simultaneous matching of groups of regular expressions, and streaming operations. It is released as open source software under a BSD license. Hyperscan presents a flexible C API and a number of different modes of operation to ensure its applicability in real networking scenarios. \n AFM Protocol Inspection Signature Updates \n AFM Protocol Inspection Signature Updates are regularly released on MyF5 downloads for BIG-IP software versions. It also includes a PDF release note for each update. \n Example - For BIG-IP 16.1: \n Package Name = IM-2024-2-22 \n Note: IM package pi_updates_16.1.0-20230322.0546.im is mandatory to install to avoid the error (ERROR: IM package \n is too big to install and the allowed max size is 20MB) \n PDF release note: \n \n As noted, a specific IM update file is mandatory to be installed before updating to a later/latest IM update file. The mandatory IM file is also available on MyF5 downloads. \n \n BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Check ID 304 - mitigation for K000137595: BIG-IP AFM signature matching vulnerability CVE-2024-21771 \n F5 recently disclosed K000137595: BIG-IP AFM signature matching vulnerability CVE-2024-21771 where a vulnerability in AFM Signature matching through the Protocol Inspection profile may cause the TMM process to crash. \n https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000137595 \n AFM Protocol Inspection System Check ID 304 was added in the Protocol Inspection IM file updates to provide mitigation for this condition. \n What makes System Check ID 304 special is the Max Hyperscan Each ID Match Count (ID 304) system check provides mitigation regardless of its configured Action setting. \n Other system checks Action setting can be set per your needs. \n There are improvements added in the Protocol Inspection IM file updates that make the signature matching more efficient, however, should a specific signature hit the condition of System Check ID 304, it will provide mitigation by dropping the matched traffic. \n \n Conclusion \n BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection System Checks and included signatures are updated regularly through Protocol Inspection IM update files available on MyF5 downloads. These Protocol Inspection IM update files also include improvements for efficient processing of matched traffic and protections through the system checks and help ensure the availability of the BIG-IP AFM system. Update these regularly as part of your BIG-IP AFM Protocol Inspection implementation hardening process. For more information, refer to K17341610: Updating the BIG-IP AFM protocol inspection signatures using the Configuration utility. For BIG-IP software update recommendation, run the latest BIG-IP versions, in particular, plan to upgrade to BIG-IP version 16.1 and 17.1 latest versions to ensure longer software support and receive security and product software fixes. Do note that BIG-IP version 15.1 will reach its End of Software Development (EoSD) and End of Technical Support (EoTS) on December 31, 2024. For more information on this, refer to K5903: BIG-IP software support policy. \n Reference links: \n https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K17341610 \n https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K5903 \n Thanks for reading and I hope you find this helpful and educational. \n The F5 SIRT creates security-related content posted here in DevCentral, sharing the team's security mindset and knowledge. Feel free to view the articles that are tagged with the following: \n \n F5 SIRT \n series-F5SIRT-this-week-in-security \n TWIS \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"6127","kudosSumWeight":1,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtalp3Y3No?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtclFNUHNx?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDM","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtNTVxWGY5?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDQ","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtajNBd2Jx?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDU","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtQVR0Ukcy?revision=5\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDY","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjgzMDUtWmlRYjNV?revision=5\"}"}}],"totalCount":6,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:279398":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:279398","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":279398},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2022-11-30T10:33:12.556-08:00","solved":false},"User:user:216790":{"__typename":"User","uid":216790,"login":"Chase_Abbott","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/dS0yMTY3OTAtMTcxMjhpRTUxRjc5QkI2RjcxNDQ5OA"},"id":"user:216790"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzkzOTgtMTI1ODhpOUIwMzkwRERDMDU5MTBGOQ?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzkzOTgtMTI1ODhpOUIwMzkwRERDMDU5MTBGOQ?revision=2","title":"0151T000003d5rsQAA.png","associationType":"BODY","width":950,"height":40,"altText":null},"TkbTopicMessage:message:279398":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"What Is BIG-IP?","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:279398"},"id":"message:279398","revisionNum":2,"uid":279398,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:216790"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":76137},"postTime":"2017-01-19T03:00:00.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2022-11-30T10:33:12.556-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n tl;dr - BIG-IP is a collection of hardware platforms and software solutions providing services focused on security, reliability, and performance. \n F5's BIG-IP is a family of products covering software and hardware designed around application availability, access control, and security solutions. That's right, the BIG-IP name is interchangeable between F5's software and hardware application delivery controller and security products. This is different from BIG-IQ, a suite of management and orchestration tools, and F5 Silverline, F5's SaaS platform. When people refer to BIG-IP this can mean a single software module in BIG-IP's software family or it could mean a hardware chassis sitting in your datacenter. This can sometimes cause a lot of confusion when people say they have question about \"BIG-IP\" but we'll break it down here to reduce the confusion. \n \n BIG-IP Software \n BIG-IP software products are licensed modules that run on top of F5's Traffic Management Operation System® (TMOS). This custom operating system is an event driven operating system designed specifically to inspect network and application traffic and make real-time decisions based on the configurations you provide. The BIG-IP software can run on hardware or can run in virtualized environments. Virtualized systems provide BIG-IP software functionality where hardware implementations are unavailable, including public clouds and various managed infrastructures where rack space is a critical commodity. \n \n BIG-IP Primary Software Modules \n \n BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager (LTM) - Central to F5's full traffic proxy functionality, LTM provides the platform for creating virtual servers, performance, service, protocol, authentication, and security profiles to define and shape your application traffic. Most other modules in the BIG-IP family use LTM as a foundation for enhanced services. \n BIG-IP DNS - Formerly Global Traffic Manager, BIG-IP DNS provides similar security and load balancing features that LTM offers but at a global/multi-site scale. BIG-IP DNS offers services to distribute and secure DNS traffic advertising your application namespaces. \n BIG-IP Access Policy Manager (APM) - Provides federation, SSO, application access policies, and secure web tunneling. Allow granular access to your various applications, virtualized desktop environments, or just go full VPN tunnel. \n Secure Web Gateway Services (SWG) - Paired with APM, SWG enables access policy control for internet usage. You can allow, block, verify and log traffic with APM's access policies allowing flexibility around your acceptable internet and public web application use. You know.... contractors and interns shouldn't use Facebook but you're not going to be responsible why the CFO can't access their cat pics. \n BIG-IP Application Security Manager (ASM) - This is F5's web application firewall (WAF) solution. Traditional firewalls and layer 3 protection don't understand the complexities of many web applications. ASM allows you to tailor acceptable and expected application behavior on a per application basis . Zero day, DoS, and click fraud all rely on traditional security device's inability to protect unique application needs; ASM fills the gap between traditional firewall and tailored granular application protection. \n BIG-IP Advanced Firewall Manager (AFM) - AFM is designed to reduce the hardware and extra hops required when ADC's are paired with traditional firewalls. Operating at L3/L4, AFM helps protect traffic destined for your data center. Paired with ASM, you can implement protection services at L3 - L7 for a full ADC and Security solution in one box or virtual environment. \n \n \n BIG-IP Hardware \n BIG-IP hardware offers several types of purpose-built custom solutions, all designed in-house by our fantastic engineers; no white boxes here. BIG-IP hardware is offered via series releases, each offering improvements for performance and features determined by customer requirements. These may include increased port capacity, traffic throughput, CPU performance, FPGA feature functionality for hardware-based scalability, and virtualization capabilities. There are two primary variations of BIG-IP hardware, single chassis design, or VIPRION modular designs. Each offer unique advantages for internal and collocated infrastructures. Updates in processor architecture, FPGA, and interface performance gains are common so we recommend referring to F5's hardware page for more information. 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