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How To Secure Multi-Cloud Networking with Routing & Web Application and API Protection
Introduction With the proliferation of intra-cloud networking requirements, continuing, organizations are increasingly leveraging multi-cloud solutions to optimize performance, cost, and resilience. However, with this approach comes the challenge of ensuring robust security across diverse cloud and on-prem environments. Secure multi-cloud networking with advanced web application and API protection services, is essential to safeguard digital assets, maintain compliance, and uphold operational integrity. Understanding Multi-Cloud Networking Multi-cloud networking involves orchestrating connectivity between multiple cloud platforms such as AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and others including on-prem and private data centers. This approach allows organizations to avoid vendor lock-in, enhance redundancy, and tailor services to specific workloads. However, managing networking and web application security across these platforms can be complex due to different platform security models, configurations, and interfaces. Key Components of Multi-Cloud Networking Inter-cloud Connectivity: Establishing secure connections between multiple cloud providers to ensure seamless data flow and application interoperability. Unified Management: Implementing centralized management tools to oversee network configurations, policies, and security protocols across all cloud environments. Automated Orchestration: Utilizing automation to provision, configure, and manage network resources dynamically, reducing manual intervention and potential errors. Compliance and Governance: Ensuring adherence to regulatory requirements and best practices for data protection and privacy across all cloud platforms. Securing Multi-Cloud Environments Security is paramount in multi-cloud networking. With multiple entry points and varying security measures across different cloud providers, organizations must adopt a comprehensive strategy to protect their assets. Strategies for Secure Multi-Cloud Networking Zero Trust Architecture: Implementing a zero-trust model that continuously verifies and validates every request, irrespective of its source, to mitigate risks. Encryption: Utilizing advanced encryption methods for data in transit and at rest to protect against unauthorized access. Continuous Monitoring: Deploying monitoring tools to detect, analyze, and respond to threats in real-time. Application Security: Using a common framework for web application and API security reduces the number of steps needed to identify and remediate security risks and misconfigurations across disparate infrastructures. Web Application and API Protection Services Web applications and APIs are critical components of modern digital ecosystems. Protecting these assets from cyber threats is crucial, especially in a multi-cloud environment where they may be distributed across various platforms. Comprehensive Web Application Protection Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) play a vital role in safeguarding web applications. They filter and monitor HTTP traffic between a web application and the internet, blocking malicious requests and safeguarding against common threats such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and DDoS attacks. Advanced Threat Detection: Employing machine learning and artificial intelligence to identify and block sophisticated attacks. Application Layer Defense: Providing protection at the application layer, where traditional network security measures may fall short. Scalability and Performance: Ensuring WAF solutions can scale and perform adequately in response to varying traffic loads and attack volumes. Securing APIs in Multi-Cloud Environments APIs are pivotal for integration and communication between services. Securing APIs involves protecting them from unauthorized access, misuse, and exploitation. Authentication and Authorization: Implement strong authentication mechanisms such as OAuth and JWT to ensure only authorized users and applications can access APIs. Rate Limiting: Controlling the number of API calls to prevent abuse and ensure fair usage across consumers. Input Validation: Validating input data to prevent injection attacks and ensure data integrity. Threat Detection: Monitoring API traffic for anomalies and potential threats, and responding swiftly to mitigate risks. Best Practices for Secure Multi-Cloud Networking To effectively manage and secure multi-cloud networks, organizations should adhere to best practices that align with their operational and security objectives. Adopt a Holistic Security Framework A holistic security framework encompasses the entire multi-cloud environment, focusing on integration and coordination between different security measures across cloud platforms. Unified Policy Enforcement: Implementing consistent security policies across all cloud environments to ensure uniform protection. Regular Audits: Conducting frequent security audits to identify vulnerabilities, assess compliance, and improve security postures. Incident Response Planning: Developing and regularly updating incident response plans to handle potential breaches and disruptions efficiently. Leverage Security Automation Automation can significantly enhance security in multi-cloud environments by reducing human errors and ensuring timely responses to threats. Automated Compliance Checks: Using automation to continuously monitor and enforce compliance with security standards and regulations. Real-time Threat Mitigation: Implementing automated remediation processes to address security threats as they are detected. Demo: Bringing it Together with F5 Distributed Cloud Using services in Distributed Cloud, F5 brings everything together. Deploying and orchestrating connectivity between hybrid and multi-cloud environments, Distributed Cloud not only connects these environments, it also secures them with universal Web App and API Protection policies. The following solution uses Distributed Cloud Network Connect, App Connect, and Web App & API Protection to connect, deliver, and secure an application with services that exist in different cloud and on-prem environments. This video shows how each of the features in this solution come together: Bringing it together with Automation Orchestrating this end-to-end, including the Distributed Cloud components itself is trivial using the combination of GitHub Workflow Actions and Terraform. The following automation workflow guide and companion article at DevCentral provides all the steps and modular code necessary to build a complete multicloud environment, manage Kubernetes clusters, and deploy the sample functional multi-site application, Arcadia Finance. GitHub Repository: https://github.com/f5devcentral/f5-xc-terraform-examples/tree/main/workflow-guides/smcn/mcn-distributed-apps-l3 Conclusion Secure multi-cloud networking, combined with robust web application and API protection services, is vital for organizations seeking to leverage the benefits of a multi-cloud strategy without compromising security. By adopting comprehensive security measures, enforcing best practices, and leveraging advanced technologies, organizations can safeguard their digital assets, ensure compliance, and maintain operational integrity in a dynamic and ever-evolving cloud landscape. Additional Resources Introducing Secure MCN features on F5 Distributed Cloud Driving Down Cost & Complexity: App Migration in the Cloud The App Delivery Fabric with Secure Multicloud Networking Scale Your DMZ with F5 Distributed Cloud Services Seamless Application Migration to OpenShift Virtualization with F5 Distributed Cloud Automate Multicloud Networking w/ Terraform: routing and app connect on F5 Distributed Cloud
Dave_Potter
May 13, 2025 Place Technical Articles
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F5 ERR_CONNECTION_RESET
Hello, We are trying to expose our backend application, which is behind a Windows IIS reverse proxy. Based on URL rewrite rules which look for host header and than route the call to the backend. When trying to open the URL, from inside our network, from another server we get the requested page in firefox web browser. When trying the same URL from F5 CLI, we also get the expected page. But when trying from the Internet, we get ERR_CONNECTION_RESET from Chrome and Firefox. What have we checked? F5 is doing the TLS termination, and we have a valid certificate in place. The node and pool are green. SSL Profile (Server) < serverssl > is assigned because communication to the pool is HTTPS. The call never reaches Windows IIS. Is there anything else what we can check? Thanks in advance, Igor
Solved
igor_
May 12, 2025 Place Technical Forum
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Cert Bundle Manager
I have a bundle file that contains many certs from many organizations maintained in one big pem file. maintaining this one massive bundle file is to cumbersome. I am thinking of using bundle manager and break apart this massive bundle file where each organization has its own bundle file. I would then add each organization bundle in the bundle manager. when the time came that an organization bundle needed to be updated, I would create a new bundle for that organization, upload to the F5 and then add to the bundle manager, click the option update, finish. Has anybody encountered issues with using the bundle manager. For example, when updating the bundle manager in a HA configuration could there be any issues while the F5 are sync'ing, for example possible race condition or any other possible issues. bundle manager ----- organization one bundle ----- organization two bundle ----- organization three bundle ----- organization four bundle ----- organization five bundle ----- organization six bundle
steven_normole
May 09, 2025 Place Technical Forum
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The table Command: Examples
With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... In this last part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss various examples of the use of the table command. Examples Now that we've covered all of the pieces of the table command, let's see some larger real-world uses of making them work together, not only simplfying existing iRules, but making new things possible. Limiting Connections To A VIP In the counting article, we gave one powerful example iRule that would have been too bulky and/or unreliable to do before: limit a VIP to a certain number of connections. That example can be easily modified to limit those connections by IP address as well. If you compare it to this example when CLIENT_ACCEPTED { set tbl "connlimit:[IP::client_addr]" set key "[TCP::client_port]" if { [table keys -subtable $tbl -count] > 1000 } { event CLIENT_CLOSED disable reject } else { table set -subtable $tbl $key "ignored" 180 set timer [after 60000 -periodic { table lookup -subtable $tbl $key }] } } when CLIENT_CLOSED { after cancel $timer table delete -subtable $tbl $key } you can see that only the first two lines changed! We've gone from one global subtable to a subtable for each IP address. This is an example of the power of subtables and using them for scoping. Blocking DNS Flood Attacks This example to blacklist IPs if they make too many DNS queries per second, uses global arrays to keep track of the number of requests made in the current second, as well as the blacklist of IPs. when RULE_INIT { set ::maxquery 100 set ::holdtime 600 } when CLIENT_DATA { set srcip [IP::remote_addr] set curtime [clock second] if { [ info exists ::blacklist($srcip) ] } { if { $::holdtime > [expr ${curtime} - $::blacklist($srcip) ] } { drop return } unset ::blacklist($srcip) } if { [ info exists ::usertable(time,$srcip)] and $curtime == $::usertable(time,$srcip) } { incr ::usertable(freq,$srcip) if { $::usertable(freq,$srcip) > $::maxquery } { set ::blacklist($srcip) $curtime unset ::usertable(freq,$srcip) unset ::usertable(time,$srcip) drop return } } else { set ::usertable(freq,$srcip) 1 set ::usertable(time,$srcip) $curtime } } It has to do all of the work to remove old data from those arrays manually, so not only can that cause all those array entries to just accumulate in memory, but it demotes the VIP it gets attached to (because it uses global variables) . If we use the table command instead as shown in the following code, a lot of the complexity is handled by the system, so it's now cleaner, simpler, and CMP-compatible. A win all around! when RULE_INIT { set ::maxquery 100 set ::holdtime 600 } when CLIENT_DATA { set srcip [IP::remote_addr] set curtime [clock second] if { [ info exists ::blacklist($srcip) ] } { if { $::holdtime > [expr ${curtime} - $::blacklist($srcip) ] } { drop return } unset ::blacklist($srcip) } if { [ info exists ::usertable(time,$srcip)] and $curtime == $::usertable(time,$srcip) } { incr ::usertable(freq,$srcip) if { $::usertable(freq,$srcip) > $::maxquery } { set ::blacklist($srcip) $curtime unset ::usertable(freq,$srcip) unset ::usertable(time,$srcip) drop return } } else { set ::usertable(freq,$srcip) 1 set ::usertable(time,$srcip) $curtime } } Limiting POST Requests Per User Another example to limit POSTs per-user uses even more very tricky global array manipulation. when RULE_INIT { set ::windowSecs 10 } when HTTP_REQUEST { if { [HTTP::method] eq "POST" } { if { ![HTTP::header exists Authorization] } { HTTP::respond 401 return } set myUserID [getfield [b64decode [substr [HTTP::header "Authorization"] 6 end]] ":" 1] set myMaxRate [findclass $myUserID $::MaxPOSTRates3 " "] if { $myMaxRate ne "" }{ set currentTime [clock seconds] if { [info exists ::timestamp($myUserID)] } { set i [ expr $currentTime - $::timestamp($myUserID) ] if { $i > $::windowSecs } { set i $::windowSecs } while { $i > 0} { for {set j $::windowSecs} {$j > 0} {set j [expr $j - 1]} { set k [ expr $j - 1 ] set ::count($myUserID.$j) $::count($myUserID.$k) } set ::count($myUserID.0) 0 incr i -1 } set k 0 for {set i 0} { $i < $::windowSecs} {incr i} { incr k $::count($myUserID.$i) } if {$k < $myMaxRate } { incr ::count($myUserID.0) set ::timestamp($myUserID) $currentTime } else { HTTP::respond 302 Location http://asdf:44444/ } } else { for {set i 0} {$i < $::windowSecs} {incr i} { set ::count($myUserID.$i) 0 } set ::timestamp($myUserID) $currentTime set ::count($myUserID.0) 1 } } } } It can be very difficult to understand, to say nothing of trying to maintain or alter it. With the table command to do all of the heavy lifting for us, it becomes much simpler, lighter-weight, and CMP-compatible. when RULE_INIT { set static::windowSecs 10 } when HTTP_REQUEST { if { [HTTP::method] eq "POST" } { if { ! [HTTP::header exists Authorization] } { HTTP::respond 401 return } set myUserID [getfield [b64decode [substr [HTTP::header "Authorization"] 6 end]] ":" 1] set myMaxRate [findclass $myUserID $::MaxPOSTRates3 " "] if { $myMaxRate ne "" } { set reqnum [table incr "req:$myUserId"] set tbl "countpost:$myUserId" table set -subtable $tbl $reqnum "ignored" indef $static::windowSecs if { [table keys -subtable $tbl -count] > $myMaxRate } { HTTP::respond 302 Location http://asdf:44444/ return } } } } That's pretty impressive, if I do say so myself. And once again, because the table command will expire the entries automatically, there's no need to worry about old data taking up memory. We cannot wait to see all of the new (or old!) problems you solve with the help of the table command. Don't forget to show off your work in the iRules CodeShare!
spark_86682
May 08, 2025 Place Technical Articles
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The table Command: The Fine Print
With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... In this eighth part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss the limitations, a few advanced details and plans for the future. Limitations As fantastic as the new session table is, it does have its limitations. You can't use the table command in RULE_INIT or any other global event. There's no way to access the session table outside of tmm. The ability to count and list keys is limited to subtables. Timestamps are limited to 1-second resolution, so there's no way to do counts for sub-second events. As you saw, you can use it for accurate counting, but that's not nearly as easy to use as we'd like it to be. We tried very hard to come up with a command, or set of commands, that would hide all the table manipulation and just do the counting for you, but everything we came up with was either very complicated or would always use the most computationally expensive method for counting, and that seemed like a bad tradeoff. Advanced details Because there is only one global session table, the session command and the table command both act on the same data. For example, if you insert an entry into the session table with the session command, you could then later look up that data (perhaps in another iRule) using the table command. However, the session command cannot access any data in a subtable in any way. The session table is mirrored to the standby, and this cannot be disabled. While most of the table commands are fairly low weight, getting the list of keys in a subtable is very heavy weight. Because of the new features that subtables have, you might be tempted to use one giant subtable for all your data. This is probably a bad idea, because of the way that the session table is arranged across all the CPUs in a CMP system. Entries in the session table are distributed across all processors. Subtables themselves are also distributed across all processors. However, all of the entries in a given subtable are on the same processor. So if you put all of your entries (or the vast majority of them) into the same subtable, then one CPU will take a disproportionate amount of memory and load. Which you probably don't want. So, in general, more, smaller subtables are a better arrangement than fewer, larger subtables. Plans for the future We think that we've provided a great set of features here, and that they will help you a great deal, but we recognize that it's probably not perfect. Also, we have lots of other plans for future enhancements to the session table and the table command. Ideally, this would completely take the place of global variables in iRules. We would love to get your feedback on what is most important to fix or add. The best way to do that is not to merely suggest features, but to supply us with actual use cases. What can't you do with the existing commands? What can you do, but only in an ugly way?
spark_86682
May 08, 2025 Place Technical Articles
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The table Command: Counting
With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... In this seventh part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss counting techniques. Counting It turns out that one popular use of iRules is to count things and then report or act on those counts. It also turns out that there are a lot of different ways of counting things, and they require slightly different techniques. The four major ways of counting that we've found so far are (in order of increasing complexity): Events that happened ever (or recently) Events that happened in the past 1 second (or other fixed window) Events that happened in the past N seconds (or other sliding window) Events that are happening right now We'll cover each of these in turn. Events that happened ever How many requests have been made on this VIP? How many POSTs has user X made? This is easy: just use table incr and table lookup. Most of the time you’ll only care about things that happened recently, so you can specify a different timeout for the entry, or just use the default. If you truly want to keep track of things ever, then you can also specify an indefinite timeout. This does mean that that memory will never go away on its own, though, so you should be careful with that option. :) Events that happened in the last fixed window How many DB queries were made in the last second? How many requests has IP X made in the last 10-second window? This is also pretty easy. Each window can have a name (for example, each 1 second window can be named by the result of [clock second]), and you just need to somehow combine that name with the name of the event you're counting. For example: table incr "dbquery:[clock second]" set tensecwin "[string range [clock second] 0 end-1]" table incr "ipreq:[IP::client_addr]:$tensecwin" Events that happened in the last sliding window How many hits on the login page in the last hour? How many bytes sent to IP X in the last minute? How many connections from user Y in the last 15 seconds? What users logged in in the last day? While a fixed window is useful, more often a sliding window is what is desired. This is because a fixed window doesn't move with the clock. For example, if you're using a fixed 60-second window, and it's now 12:30:14, you can't know how many things happened "in the last 60 seconds". You only can know how many things happened from 12:30:00-now, and maybe from 12:29:00-12:29:59, if you kept the result from the previous window. If you had a sliding window instead, it would always contain "the last 60 seconds", meaning that if it's 12:30:14 then the window is from 12:29:15-12:30:14, and when it's 12:30:17, then the window is from 12:29:18-12:30:17. For something like rate-limiting, this makes a huge difference in user experience. Unfortunately, the things that make it more desirable are the very things that make it more complicated. I'll explain this by considering each window as a bucket. With a fixed window, you only ever add things to the bucket ("user X made a request that gets counted in bucket #12:29"). With a sliding window, sometimes things need to come out of the bucket ("the bucket is now counting from 12:29:18 to 12:30:17, so the request that was made at 12:29:17 now needs to be removed"). This tells us that getting a sliding window means managing specific items (so we need to have a handle or name for each item) and expiring them as they move out of the window. Fortunately, a subtable is exactly up for the job. To implement a sliding window, you would do something like: set reqno [table incr "reqs:$username"] table set -subtable "reqrate:$username" $reqno "ignored" indefinite 60 log local0. "User $username made [table keys -count -subtable "reqrate:$username"] requests in the past 60 seconds" This keeps track of the rate of requests for each user. The first line gives each request a serial number (it just increments a variable), and the second line adds an entry to that user's subtable. The entry will expire on its own when it is supposed to leave the window, and counting the keys in the subtable will tell us the number of requests that user made in the window. The more observant among you will note that the table entry we're using for the serial number is going to expire too, so if this user is idle for a while, then the next request will have the serial number go back to 0. This is perfectly OK, though, since as long as the window size (in this example, it’s 60 seconds) is less than the timeout of the serial number entry (in this example, it’s the default of 180 seconds), then by the time the serial number entry expires, all of the entries in the subtable will have expired also. So it doesn't matter that the serial numbers starts at 0 again. If you want to use a longer window than 180 seconds, then you'll need to change the timeout to be longer after the incr line. Now, there's no rule that says you have to have a separate variable to keep track of the identity of each thing you're counting, or that they have to be consecutive. If you already have a serial number (for example, if you're counting new JSESSIONIDs), then you can just use that. Events that are happening right now How many client connections to this VIP? What users are currently logged in? This is slightly tricky, but doable. It builds on the concepts last example, with some additions. One simple example is: when HTTP_REQUEST { switch [HTTP::uri] { "/login.html" { table set -subtable userlist $username "ignored" $static::useridletimeout } "/logout.html" { table delete -subtable userlist $username } default { table lookup -subtable userlist $username } } log local0. "[table keys –count –subtable userlist] users currently logged in" } Once again, we're adding an entry to a subtable to start counting something, but in this case not only are we removing the entry when we want to stop counting it, but we also do a lookup on that entry when the user accesses any page. The reason we do that is to keep the entry alive as long as the user is busy, so if the user doesn't log out via our logout page, we still stop counting that user (because that user's entry in our subtable will expire) when our application does (after the number of seconds in $static::useridletimeout) . With a similar method, we can do something like limit a VIP to 1000 connections: when CLIENT_ACCEPTED { set tbl "connlimit" set key "[IP::client_addr]:[TCP::client_port]" if { [table keys -subtable $tbl -count] > 1000 } { event CLIENT_CLOSED disable reject } else { table set -subtable $tbl $key "ignored" 180 set timer [after 60000 -periodic { table lookup -subtable $tbl $key }] } } when CLIENT_CLOSED { after cancel $timer table delete -subtable $tbl $key } The basics are the same as the previous examples, but now we've added a timer to keep the table entry alive, rather than relying on any particular iRule event. This works because when the connection closes we kill the timer and delete the entry. Now, I know what you're asking: "Why all the extra complexity? Heck, if I had table decr, I could just do something like:" when CLIENT_ACCEPTED { if { [table lookup "conns"] > 1000 } { event CLIENT_CLOSED disable reject } else { table incr "conns" } } when CLIENT_CLOSED { table decr "conns" } The answer is: reliability. What happens if CLIENT_CLOSED never fires? Maybe your box runs low on memory and the connection sweeper hits. Maybe you're running on a VIPRION with no HA and a blade goes down. Your user count never gets to be decremented, and so now you start rejecting connections because you think your VIP is busier than it is. And that's why there is no table decr: to discourage exactly this sort of code. If you think you need it, you probably shouldn’t be using increment and decrement to solve your problem. In the real example above, if CLIENT_CLOSED never fires, there's no problem. No matter how the connection dies, the timer will be removed, so it will stop touching the entry, so the entry will expire on its own. In this way, your connection count may only be wrong temporarily; it will settle on the right answer all on its own.
spark_86682
May 08, 2025 Place Technical Articles
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The table Command: Subtables
With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... In this sixth part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss how you can create and manage subtables within the session table. Subtables Whew! Still with me? Good, because we're just now getting to some of best stuff. One of the most powerful changes to the session table in v10.1 is the concept of a subtable, which is simply a named set of entries. It lets you organize your entries in groups, and lets you act on those groups. A subtable is basically a table in and of itself, with some special abilities. Subtables only contain entries, though; you can’t nest subtables. Here's what they look like: They are trivial to use: every current table subcommand simply takes a -subtable <name> parameter. So you can do things like: table set -subtable $tbl $key $data table lookup -subtable $othertbl $key table delete -subtable $thirdtbl $key That's all there is to it! Doesn't look like much, does it? But this is very powerful stuff! Maybe you want a different set of data for each user, or for each client IP address, or for each virtual server? No problem! table set -subtable "$username" $key $data table add -subtable "[IP::client_addr]" $key $data table replace -subtable "[virtual]" $key $data Since you can name your subtables however you want, you can now have shared variables with any arbitrary scope! And there's an easy way to clean up: table delete -all -subtable "$username" will remove every entry in a subtable in one fell swoop. But wait! There's more! With subtables comes a new and long-desired ability: the ability to list or count the number of keys: table keys -subtable <name> [-count|-notouch] You’ll note that unlike all the other table subcommands, the subtable name is not optional here: there’s no way to use it on entries that aren’t in a subtable. Also note that by default, retrieving the list of keys will touch each one, but getting the count will never touch any entries. Isn't this AWESOME!?! This feature is going to simplify a lot of your iRules, and give you the ability to do things that simply weren't feasible before. I can't wait to see all the creative uses you come up with! That covers all of the new session table features. Now we'll cover some ways of putting everything together...
spark_86682
May 08, 2025 Place Technical Articles
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The table Command: Advanced Data Expiration
With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... In this fifth part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss advanced concepts around data lifetime and expiration from the session table. Advanced Data Expiration On the off chance that your iRule does need to keep close track of varying timeout or lifetime values, then you should know some important ways that they might or might not be changed. As you might expect, all of the other subcommands to set values take the timeout and lifetime parameters as well: table set [-excl|-mustexist] <key> <value> [<timeout> [<lifetime>]] table add <key> <value> [<timeout> [<lifetime>]] table replace <key> <value> [<timeout> [<lifetime>]] However, the add and replace subcommands are designed to sometimes not update the data. For example, if you call table add with a key that already exists, then the data will not get updated. In all cases, if the table command doesn't update the data, then it doesn't update the timeout and lifetime either. If it does update the data, then it does update the timeout and lifetime. So, if you have a table that looks like: and you run: table set 10.1.2.3 UserQuux indefinite 3600 then you end up with: The timeout and lifetime both got updated because the data was updated. If you then ran: table add 10.1.2.3 UserBar 120 120 then the table would not change at all. Because the data did not get updated, the timeout and lifetime also didn't. Sometimes you might want to update the value and not touch the existing timeout or lifetime values, even though you don't know what they are. By specifying a 0 for either the timeout or the lifetime, or by omitting the lifetime, that parameter is not changed even if the value is updated. So if you had the previous table and then ran: table replace 10.2.9.12 UserZap 180 0 you would get: You can see that the entry's value and the timeout were changed, but the lifetime was not.
spark_86682
May 08, 2025 Place Technical Articles
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The table Command: Data Expiration
With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... In this fourth part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss data lifetime and expiration from the session table. Data expiration Remember that I mentioned that an entry also has metadata? Prior to v10.1, the only metadata that an entry had was a timestamp, which keeps track of when that entry was last touched (changed or queried), and a timeout. The touch timestamp can’t be directly set by iRules, of course. It’s used internally by the session table to keep track of when to expire entries. So a small session table might have looked like this: You can see a number of different types of keys and values, each one with a timeout and a timestamp. One common request to enhance the session table has been to have some way of looking up an entry without affecting the touch timestamp, so we added the -notouch flag to the table command: table set [-notouch] $key $data table lookup [-notouch] $key With this flag, you can query the session table without changing when the entries will expire. But we felt that that didn't go far enough for some uses, so while the session table looks much the same in v10.1, it has two additions: Just as before, an entry has a touch timestamp and can have a timeout, but now it also has a create timestamp (to record when the entry was created), and it can also have a lifetime. By setting a lifetime on an entry, you can have it expire after a certain period of time no matter how many changes or lookups are performed on it. An entry can have a lifetime and a timeout at the same time. It will expire (be removed from the table) whenever the timeout OR the lifetime expires, whichever comes first. You can just specify the lifetime right after the timeout value: table set <key> <value> [<timeout> [<lifetime>]] If you want an entry to only have a lifetime, and not a timeout, you can specify an indefinite timeout. For example: table set $key $data indefinite 3600 will set an entry that will be removed after 3600 seconds. By default, an entry has a timeout of 180 seconds (just like previous versions), and an indefinite lifetime. For most uses of the session table, the user will specify timeout and lifetime values when an entry gets set, and never explicitly worry about them afterwards. If you do need to query or change those values on an entry, then you can do so directly: table timeout [-remaining] $key table timeout $key <value> table lifetime [-remaining] $key table lifetime $key <value> These commands operate exactly as they read: you can query or set the lifetime or timeout parameter which the entry has, or you can query the remaining time that an entry has left. Note that these commands never affect the expiration of a record. In other words, they always implicitly have the -notouch flag set.
spark_86682
May 08, 2025 Place Technical Articles
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The table Command: New Ways To Alter Data
With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... In this third part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss ways to alter data in the session table. New Ways To Alter Data Of course, that's not the only way that two iRules running at the same time could stomp on each others changes. Very often you'll want to use iRules to do something like count how many requests a user makes. Without the table command, you might try to do something like: set reqs [session lookup uie $user] if { $reqs == {} } { set reqs 0 } incr reqs session add uie $user $reqs But this runs into the same problem: two different connections could lookup the value at the same time, each one will incremement it once, and each one will then write back the same value. So even though two connections came in, the value only increases by one. Not good. With the table command, there are two ways to alter values in the session table: table incr [-mustexist] $key [$value] table append [-mustexist] $key $value table incr will add the specified value (or 1 if you don't specify a value) to the existing entry (or 1 if you don't specify a value), and table append will append the specified value. Both commands will return the value after it was changed. What happens if there isn't an entry with the specified key? By default, an entry is created with an empty value (for incr, that would be 0, and for append it would be the empty string), which is then incremented or appended to as appropriate. If you don't want an entry created by default, you can specify the -mustexist flag, which will make the command do nothing and return the empty string if there’s no existing entry. Because these are atomic operations (meaning that they can't be interrupted by another iRule running another table command), that means the above example become just one line: set reqs [table incr $user] How spiffy is that? There are two important caveats with table incr: first, don't try to increment a value that isn't a number. For example, if you have a key with an associated value of "foo", trying to increment that will cause a Tcl error ("Illegal value"). Second, you'll note that there is no table decr command. Why? If you want decr, then that means that you're counting things that go away (e.g. counting the number of users that are logged in). What happens if the connection is killed and you never get to run table decr? Your count will be wrong, and there won't be any way to fix it. There are ways of keeping an accurate count of things like that, which we'll cover in another section. If you're counting things that can't go away (e.g. a user can't "unmake" an HTTP request), then table incr is fine.
spark_86682
May 08, 2025 Place Technical Articles
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To Secure Multi-Cloud Networking with Routing & Web Application and API Protection","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:340967"},"id":"message:340967","revisionNum":4,"uid":340967,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:418292"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":36},"postTime":"2025-05-13T05:00:00.023-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-05-13T05:00:00.023-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Introduction \n With the proliferation of intra-cloud networking requirements, continuing, organizations are increasingly leveraging multi-cloud solutions to optimize performance, cost, and resilience. However, with this approach comes the challenge of ensuring robust security across diverse cloud and on-prem environments. Secure multi-cloud networking with advanced web application and API protection services, is essential to safeguard digital assets, maintain compliance, and uphold operational integrity. \n \n Understanding Multi-Cloud Networking \n Multi-cloud networking involves orchestrating connectivity between multiple cloud platforms such as AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and others including on-prem and private data centers. This approach allows organizations to avoid vendor lock-in, enhance redundancy, and tailor services to specific workloads. However, managing networking and web application security across these platforms can be complex due to different platform security models, configurations, and interfaces. \n \n Key Components of Multi-Cloud Networking \n \n Inter-cloud Connectivity: Establishing secure connections between multiple cloud providers to ensure seamless data flow and application interoperability. \n Unified Management: Implementing centralized management tools to oversee network configurations, policies, and security protocols across all cloud environments. \n Automated Orchestration: Utilizing automation to provision, configure, and manage network resources dynamically, reducing manual intervention and potential errors. \n Compliance and Governance: Ensuring adherence to regulatory requirements and best practices for data protection and privacy across all cloud platforms. \n \n \n Securing Multi-Cloud Environments \n Security is paramount in multi-cloud networking. With multiple entry points and varying security measures across different cloud providers, organizations must adopt a comprehensive strategy to protect their assets. \n Strategies for Secure Multi-Cloud Networking \n \n Zero Trust Architecture: Implementing a zero-trust model that continuously verifies and validates every request, irrespective of its source, to mitigate risks. \n Encryption: Utilizing advanced encryption methods for data in transit and at rest to protect against unauthorized access. \n Continuous Monitoring: Deploying monitoring tools to detect, analyze, and respond to threats in real-time. \n Application Security: Using a common framework for web application and API security reduces the number of steps needed to identify and remediate security risks and misconfigurations across disparate infrastructures. \n \n \n Web Application and API Protection Services \n Web applications and APIs are critical components of modern digital ecosystems. Protecting these assets from cyber threats is crucial, especially in a multi-cloud environment where they may be distributed across various platforms. \n Comprehensive Web Application Protection \n Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) play a vital role in safeguarding web applications. They filter and monitor HTTP traffic between a web application and the internet, blocking malicious requests and safeguarding against common threats such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and DDoS attacks. \n \n Advanced Threat Detection: Employing machine learning and artificial intelligence to identify and block sophisticated attacks. \n Application Layer Defense: Providing protection at the application layer, where traditional network security measures may fall short. \n Scalability and Performance: Ensuring WAF solutions can scale and perform adequately in response to varying traffic loads and attack volumes. \n \n Securing APIs in Multi-Cloud Environments \n APIs are pivotal for integration and communication between services. Securing APIs involves protecting them from unauthorized access, misuse, and exploitation. \n \n Authentication and Authorization: Implement strong authentication mechanisms such as OAuth and JWT to ensure only authorized users and applications can access APIs. \n Rate Limiting: Controlling the number of API calls to prevent abuse and ensure fair usage across consumers. \n Input Validation: Validating input data to prevent injection attacks and ensure data integrity. \n Threat Detection: Monitoring API traffic for anomalies and potential threats, and responding swiftly to mitigate risks. \n \n \n Best Practices for Secure Multi-Cloud Networking \n To effectively manage and secure multi-cloud networks, organizations should adhere to best practices that align with their operational and security objectives. \n Adopt a Holistic Security Framework \n A holistic security framework encompasses the entire multi-cloud environment, focusing on integration and coordination between different security measures across cloud platforms. \n \n Unified Policy Enforcement: Implementing consistent security policies across all cloud environments to ensure uniform protection. \n Regular Audits: Conducting frequent security audits to identify vulnerabilities, assess compliance, and improve security postures. \n Incident Response Planning: Developing and regularly updating incident response plans to handle potential breaches and disruptions efficiently. \n \n Leverage Security Automation \n Automation can significantly enhance security in multi-cloud environments by reducing human errors and ensuring timely responses to threats. \n \n Automated Compliance Checks: Using automation to continuously monitor and enforce compliance with security standards and regulations. \n Real-time Threat Mitigation: Implementing automated remediation processes to address security threats as they are detected. \n \n \n Demo: Bringing it Together with F5 Distributed Cloud \n Using services in Distributed Cloud, F5 brings everything together. Deploying and orchestrating connectivity between hybrid and multi-cloud environments, Distributed Cloud not only connects these environments, it also secures them with universal Web App and API Protection policies. \n The following solution uses Distributed Cloud Network Connect, App Connect, and Web App & API Protection to connect, deliver, and secure an application with services that exist in different cloud and on-prem environments. \n \n This video shows how each of the features in this solution come together: \n \n \n Bringing it together with Automation \n Orchestrating this end-to-end, including the Distributed Cloud components itself is trivial using the combination of GitHub Workflow Actions and Terraform. The following automation workflow guide and companion article at DevCentral provides all the steps and modular code necessary to build a complete multicloud environment, manage Kubernetes clusters, and deploy the sample functional multi-site application, Arcadia Finance. \n GitHub Repository: https://github.com/f5devcentral/f5-xc-terraform-examples/tree/main/workflow-guides/smcn/mcn-distributed-apps-l3 \n \n Conclusion \n Secure multi-cloud networking, combined with robust web application and API protection services, is vital for organizations seeking to leverage the benefits of a multi-cloud strategy without compromising security. By adopting comprehensive security measures, enforcing best practices, and leveraging advanced technologies, organizations can safeguard their digital assets, ensure compliance, and maintain operational integrity in a dynamic and ever-evolving cloud landscape. \n \n Additional Resources \n Introducing Secure MCN features on F5 Distributed Cloud \n Driving Down Cost & Complexity: App Migration in the Cloud \n The App Delivery Fabric with Secure Multicloud Networking \n Scale Your DMZ with F5 Distributed Cloud Services \n Seamless Application Migration to OpenShift Virtualization with F5 Distributed Cloud \n Automate Multicloud Networking w/ Terraform: routing and app connect on F5 Distributed Cloud ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"7955","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zNDA5NjctRjh1YjB0?revision=4\"}"}}],"totalCount":1,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3lvdXR1LmJlL0djeUtBVzRLMDF3LzE3NDU5NTU2MzI5ODF8MHwyNTsyNXx8","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://youtu.be/GcyKAW4K01w/1745955632981","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/GcyKAW4K01w/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":240,"width":320,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}}],"totalCount":1,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:341246":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:341246","topic":{"__typename":"ForumTopicMessage","uid":341246},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-05-12T05:17:30.019-07:00","solved":true},"User:user:424017":{"__typename":"User","uid":424017,"login":"igor_","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/m_assets/avatars/default/avatar-10.svg?time=0"},"id":"user:424017"},"ForumTopicMessage:message:341246":{"__typename":"ForumTopicMessage","subject":"F5 ERR_CONNECTION_RESET","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:341246"},"id":"message:341246","revisionNum":1,"uid":341246,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Forum:board:TechnicalForum"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:424017"},"metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":29},"postTime":"2025-05-12T02:06:03.879-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-05-12T02:06:03.879-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Hello, We are trying to expose our backend application, which is behind a Windows IIS reverse proxy. Based on URL rewrite rules which look for host header and than route the call to the backend. When trying to open the URL, from inside our network, from another server we get the requested page in firefox web browser. When trying the same URL from F5 CLI, we also get the expected page. But when trying from the Internet, we get ERR_CONNECTION_RESET from Chrome and Firefox. What have we checked? F5 is doing the TLS termination, and we have a valid certificate in place. The node and pool are green. SSL Profile (Server) < serverssl > is assigned because communication to the pool is HTTPS. The call never reaches Windows IIS. Is there anything else what we can check? Thanks in advance, Igor ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"838","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":2,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:341021":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:341021","topic":{"__typename":"ForumTopicMessage","uid":341021},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-05-09T12:56:51.388-07:00","solved":false},"User:user:422871":{"__typename":"User","uid":422871,"login":"steven_normole","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/m_assets/avatars/default/avatar-5.svg?time=0"},"id":"user:422871"},"ForumTopicMessage:message:341021":{"__typename":"ForumTopicMessage","subject":"Cert Bundle Manager","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:341021"},"id":"message:341021","revisionNum":1,"uid":341021,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Forum:board:TechnicalForum"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:422871"},"metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":34},"postTime":"2025-04-27T23:45:15.969-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-04-27T23:45:15.969-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" I have a bundle file that contains many certs from many organizations maintained in one big pem file. maintaining this one massive bundle file is to cumbersome. I am thinking of using bundle manager and break apart this massive bundle file where each organization has its own bundle file. I would then add each organization bundle in the bundle manager. when the time came that an organization bundle needed to be updated, I would create a new bundle for that organization, upload to the F5 and then add to the bundle manager, click the option update, finish. Has anybody encountered issues with using the bundle manager. For example, when updating the bundle manager in a HA configuration could there be any issues while the F5 are sync'ing, for example possible race condition or any other possible issues. bundle manager ----- organization one bundle ----- organization two bundle ----- organization three bundle ----- organization four bundle ----- organization five bundle ----- organization six bundle ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"1076","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":1,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:278490":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:278490","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":278490},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-05-07T20:07:35.233-07:00","solved":false},"User:user:24427":{"__typename":"User","uid":24427,"login":"spark_86682","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/m_assets/avatars/default/avatar-5.svg?time=0"},"id":"user:24427"},"TkbTopicMessage:message:278490":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"The table Command: Examples","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:278490"},"id":"message:278490","revisionNum":2,"uid":278490,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:24427"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":3147},"postTime":"2010-01-13T08:54:00.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-05-07T20:07:35.233-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... \n In this last part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss various examples of the use of the table command. \n Examples \n Now that we've covered all of the pieces of the table command, let's see some larger real-world uses of making them work together, not only simplfying existing iRules, but making new things possible. \n Limiting Connections To A VIP \n In the counting article, we gave one powerful example iRule that would have been too bulky and/or unreliable to do before: limit a VIP to a certain number of connections. That example can be easily modified to limit those connections by IP address as well. If you compare it to this example \n when CLIENT_ACCEPTED {\n set tbl \"connlimit:[IP::client_addr]\"\n set key \"[TCP::client_port]\"\n\n if { [table keys -subtable $tbl -count] > 1000 } {\n event CLIENT_CLOSED disable\n reject\n } else {\n table set -subtable $tbl $key \"ignored\" 180\n set timer [after 60000 -periodic { table lookup -subtable $tbl $key }]\n }\n}\nwhen CLIENT_CLOSED {\n after cancel $timer\n table delete -subtable $tbl $key\n} \n you can see that only the first two lines changed! We've gone from one global subtable to a subtable for each IP address. This is an example of the power of subtables and using them for scoping. \n Blocking DNS Flood Attacks \n This example to blacklist IPs if they make too many DNS queries per second, uses global arrays to keep track of the number of requests made in the current second, as well as the blacklist of IPs. \n when RULE_INIT {\n set ::maxquery 100\n set ::holdtime 600\n}\nwhen CLIENT_DATA {\n set srcip [IP::remote_addr]\n set curtime [clock second]\n if { [ info exists ::blacklist($srcip) ] } {\n if { $::holdtime > [expr ${curtime} - $::blacklist($srcip) ] } {\n drop\n return\n }\n unset ::blacklist($srcip)\n }\n if { [ info exists ::usertable(time,$srcip)] and $curtime == $::usertable(time,$srcip) } {\n incr ::usertable(freq,$srcip)\n if { $::usertable(freq,$srcip) > $::maxquery } {\n set ::blacklist($srcip) $curtime\n unset ::usertable(freq,$srcip)\n unset ::usertable(time,$srcip)\n drop\n return\n }\n } else {\n set ::usertable(freq,$srcip) 1\n set ::usertable(time,$srcip) $curtime\n }\n} \n It has to do all of the work to remove old data from those arrays manually, so not only can that cause all those array entries to just accumulate in memory, but it demotes the VIP it gets attached to (because it uses global variables) . If we use the table command instead as shown in the following code, a lot of the complexity is handled by the system, so it's now cleaner, simpler, and CMP-compatible. A win all around! \n when RULE_INIT {\n set ::maxquery 100\n set ::holdtime 600\n}\nwhen CLIENT_DATA {\n set srcip [IP::remote_addr]\n set curtime [clock second]\n if { [ info exists ::blacklist($srcip) ] } {\n if { $::holdtime > [expr ${curtime} - $::blacklist($srcip) ] } {\n drop\n return\n }\n unset ::blacklist($srcip)\n }\n if { [ info exists ::usertable(time,$srcip)] and $curtime == $::usertable(time,$srcip) } {\n incr ::usertable(freq,$srcip)\n if { $::usertable(freq,$srcip) > $::maxquery } {\n set ::blacklist($srcip) $curtime\n unset ::usertable(freq,$srcip)\n unset ::usertable(time,$srcip)\n drop\n return\n }\n } else {\n set ::usertable(freq,$srcip) 1\n set ::usertable(time,$srcip) $curtime\n }\n} \n Limiting POST Requests Per User \n Another example to limit POSTs per-user uses even more very tricky global array manipulation. \n when RULE_INIT {\n set ::windowSecs 10\n}\nwhen HTTP_REQUEST {\n if { [HTTP::method] eq \"POST\" } {\n if { ![HTTP::header exists Authorization] } {\n HTTP::respond 401\n return\n }\n set myUserID [getfield [b64decode [substr [HTTP::header \"Authorization\"] 6 end]] \":\" 1]\n set myMaxRate [findclass $myUserID $::MaxPOSTRates3 \" \"]\n if { $myMaxRate ne \"\" }{\n set currentTime [clock seconds]\n if { [info exists ::timestamp($myUserID)] } {\n set i [ expr $currentTime - $::timestamp($myUserID) ]\n if { $i > $::windowSecs } {\n set i $::windowSecs\n }\n while { $i > 0} {\n for {set j $::windowSecs} {$j > 0} {set j [expr $j - 1]} {\n set k [ expr $j - 1 ]\n set ::count($myUserID.$j) $::count($myUserID.$k)\n }\n set ::count($myUserID.0) 0\n incr i -1\n }\n set k 0\n for {set i 0} { $i < $::windowSecs} {incr i} {\n incr k $::count($myUserID.$i)\n }\n if {$k < $myMaxRate } {\n incr ::count($myUserID.0)\n set ::timestamp($myUserID) $currentTime\n } else {\n HTTP::respond 302 Location http://asdf:44444/\n }\n } else {\n for {set i 0} {$i < $::windowSecs} {incr i} {\n set ::count($myUserID.$i) 0\n }\n set ::timestamp($myUserID) $currentTime\n set ::count($myUserID.0) 1\n }\n }\n }\n} \n It can be very difficult to understand, to say nothing of trying to maintain or alter it. With the table command to do all of the heavy lifting for us, it becomes much simpler, lighter-weight, and CMP-compatible. \n when RULE_INIT {\n set static::windowSecs 10\n}\nwhen HTTP_REQUEST {\n if { [HTTP::method] eq \"POST\" } {\n if { ! [HTTP::header exists Authorization] } {\n HTTP::respond 401\n return\n }\n set myUserID [getfield [b64decode [substr [HTTP::header \"Authorization\"] 6 end]] \":\" 1]\n set myMaxRate [findclass $myUserID $::MaxPOSTRates3 \" \"]\n if { $myMaxRate ne \"\" } {\n set reqnum [table incr \"req:$myUserId\"]\n set tbl \"countpost:$myUserId\"\n table set -subtable $tbl $reqnum \"ignored\" indef $static::windowSecs\n if { [table keys -subtable $tbl -count] > $myMaxRate } {\n HTTP::respond 302 Location http://asdf:44444/\n return\n }\n }\n }\n} \n That's pretty impressive, if I do say so myself. And once again, because the table command will expire the entries automatically, there's no need to worry about old data taking up memory. \n We cannot wait to see all of the new (or old!) problems you solve with the help of the table command. Don't forget to show off your work in the iRules CodeShare! ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"6571","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":4,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:278480":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:278480","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":278480},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-05-07T19:54:03.758-07:00","solved":false},"TkbTopicMessage:message:278480":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"The table Command: The Fine Print","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:278480"},"id":"message:278480","revisionNum":2,"uid":278480,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:24427"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":1202},"postTime":"2010-01-13T08:53:00.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-05-07T19:54:03.758-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... \n In this eighth part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss the limitations, a few advanced details and plans for the future. \n Limitations \n As fantastic as the new session table is, it does have its limitations. You can't use the table command in RULE_INIT or any other global event. There's no way to access the session table outside of tmm. The ability to count and list keys is limited to subtables. Timestamps are limited to 1-second resolution, so there's no way to do counts for sub-second events. As you saw, you can use it for accurate counting, but that's not nearly as easy to use as we'd like it to be. We tried very hard to come up with a command, or set of commands, that would hide all the table manipulation and just do the counting for you, but everything we came up with was either very complicated or would always use the most computationally expensive method for counting, and that seemed like a bad tradeoff. \n Advanced details \n Because there is only one global session table, the session command and the table command both act on the same data. For example, if you insert an entry into the session table with the session command, you could then later look up that data (perhaps in another iRule) using the table command. However, the session command cannot access any data in a subtable in any way. The session table is mirrored to the standby, and this cannot be disabled. While most of the table commands are fairly low weight, getting the list of keys in a subtable is very heavy weight. Because of the new features that subtables have, you might be tempted to use one giant subtable for all your data. This is probably a bad idea, because of the way that the session table is arranged across all the CPUs in a CMP system. Entries in the session table are distributed across all processors. Subtables themselves are also distributed across all processors. However, all of the entries in a given subtable are on the same processor. So if you put all of your entries (or the vast majority of them) into the same subtable, then one CPU will take a disproportionate amount of memory and load. Which you probably don't want. So, in general, more, smaller subtables are a better arrangement than fewer, larger subtables. \n Plans for the future \n We think that we've provided a great set of features here, and that they will help you a great deal, but we recognize that it's probably not perfect. Also, we have lots of other plans for future enhancements to the session table and the table command. Ideally, this would completely take the place of global variables in iRules. We would love to get your feedback on what is most important to fix or add. The best way to do that is not to merely suggest features, but to supply us with actual use cases. What can't you do with the existing commands? What can you do, but only in an ugly way? ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"3160","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":4,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:278467":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:278467","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":278467},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-05-07T19:51:09.060-07:00","solved":false},"TkbTopicMessage:message:278467":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"The table Command: Counting","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:278467"},"id":"message:278467","revisionNum":2,"uid":278467,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:24427"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":2035},"postTime":"2010-01-13T08:52:00.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-05-07T19:51:09.060-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... \n In this seventh part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss counting techniques. \n Counting \n It turns out that one popular use of iRules is to count things and then report or act on those counts. It also turns out that there are a lot of different ways of counting things, and they require slightly different techniques. The four major ways of counting that we've found so far are (in order of increasing complexity): \n \n Events that happened ever (or recently) \n Events that happened in the past 1 second (or other fixed window) \n Events that happened in the past N seconds (or other sliding window) \n Events that are happening right now \n \n We'll cover each of these in turn. \n Events that happened ever \n \n How many requests have been made on this VIP? \n How many POSTs has user X made? \n \n This is easy: just use table incr and table lookup. Most of the time you’ll only care about things that happened recently, so you can specify a different timeout for the entry, or just use the default. If you truly want to keep track of things ever, then you can also specify an indefinite timeout. This does mean that that memory will never go away on its own, though, so you should be careful with that option. :) \n Events that happened in the last fixed window \n \n How many DB queries were made in the last second? \n How many requests has IP X made in the last 10-second window? \n \n This is also pretty easy. Each window can have a name (for example, each 1 second window can be named by the result of [clock second]), and you just need to somehow combine that name with the name of the event you're counting. For example: \n table incr \"dbquery:[clock second]\"\n\nset tensecwin \"[string range [clock second] 0 end-1]\"\ntable incr \"ipreq:[IP::client_addr]:$tensecwin\" \n Events that happened in the last sliding window \n \n How many hits on the login page in the last hour? \n How many bytes sent to IP X in the last minute? \n How many connections from user Y in the last 15 seconds? \n What users logged in in the last day? \n \n While a fixed window is useful, more often a sliding window is what is desired. This is because a fixed window doesn't move with the clock. For example, if you're using a fixed 60-second window, and it's now 12:30:14, you can't know how many things happened \"in the last 60 seconds\". You only can know how many things happened from 12:30:00-now, and maybe from 12:29:00-12:29:59, if you kept the result from the previous window. If you had a sliding window instead, it would always contain \"the last 60 seconds\", meaning that if it's 12:30:14 then the window is from 12:29:15-12:30:14, and when it's 12:30:17, then the window is from 12:29:18-12:30:17. For something like rate-limiting, this makes a huge difference in user experience. Unfortunately, the things that make it more desirable are the very things that make it more complicated. I'll explain this by considering each window as a bucket. With a fixed window, you only ever add things to the bucket (\"user X made a request that gets counted in bucket #12:29\"). With a sliding window, sometimes things need to come out of the bucket (\"the bucket is now counting from 12:29:18 to 12:30:17, so the request that was made at 12:29:17 now needs to be removed\"). This tells us that getting a sliding window means managing specific items (so we need to have a handle or name for each item) and expiring them as they move out of the window. Fortunately, a subtable is exactly up for the job. To implement a sliding window, you would do something like: \n set reqno [table incr \"reqs:$username\"]\ntable set -subtable \"reqrate:$username\" $reqno \"ignored\" indefinite 60\nlog local0. \"User $username made [table keys -count -subtable \"reqrate:$username\"] requests in the past 60 seconds\" \n This keeps track of the rate of requests for each user. The first line gives each request a serial number (it just increments a variable), and the second line adds an entry to that user's subtable. The entry will expire on its own when it is supposed to leave the window, and counting the keys in the subtable will tell us the number of requests that user made in the window. The more observant among you will note that the table entry we're using for the serial number is going to expire too, so if this user is idle for a while, then the next request will have the serial number go back to 0. This is perfectly OK, though, since as long as the window size (in this example, it’s 60 seconds) is less than the timeout of the serial number entry (in this example, it’s the default of 180 seconds), then by the time the serial number entry expires, all of the entries in the subtable will have expired also. So it doesn't matter that the serial numbers starts at 0 again. If you want to use a longer window than 180 seconds, then you'll need to change the timeout to be longer after the incr line. Now, there's no rule that says you have to have a separate variable to keep track of the identity of each thing you're counting, or that they have to be consecutive. If you already have a serial number (for example, if you're counting new JSESSIONIDs), then you can just use that. \n Events that are happening right now \n \n How many client connections to this VIP? \n What users are currently logged in? \n \n This is slightly tricky, but doable. It builds on the concepts last example, with some additions. One simple example is: \n when HTTP_REQUEST {\n switch [HTTP::uri] {\n \"/login.html\" {\n table set -subtable userlist $username \"ignored\" $static::useridletimeout\n }\n \"/logout.html\" {\n table delete -subtable userlist $username\n }\n default {\n table lookup -subtable userlist $username\n }\n }\n log local0. \"[table keys –count –subtable userlist] users currently logged in\"\n} \n Once again, we're adding an entry to a subtable to start counting something, but in this case not only are we removing the entry when we want to stop counting it, but we also do a lookup on that entry when the user accesses any page. The reason we do that is to keep the entry alive as long as the user is busy, so if the user doesn't log out via our logout page, we still stop counting that user (because that user's entry in our subtable will expire) when our application does (after the number of seconds in $static::useridletimeout) . With a similar method, we can do something like limit a VIP to 1000 connections: \n when CLIENT_ACCEPTED {\n set tbl \"connlimit\"\n set key \"[IP::client_addr]:[TCP::client_port]\"\n\n if { [table keys -subtable $tbl -count] > 1000 } {\n event CLIENT_CLOSED disable\n reject\n } else {\n table set -subtable $tbl $key \"ignored\" 180\n set timer [after 60000 -periodic { table lookup -subtable $tbl $key }]\n }\n}\nwhen CLIENT_CLOSED {\n after cancel $timer\n table delete -subtable $tbl $key\n} \n The basics are the same as the previous examples, but now we've added a timer to keep the table entry alive, rather than relying on any particular iRule event. This works because when the connection closes we kill the timer and delete the entry. Now, I know what you're asking: \"Why all the extra complexity? Heck, if I had table decr, I could just do something like:\" \n when CLIENT_ACCEPTED {\n if { [table lookup \"conns\"] > 1000 } {\n event CLIENT_CLOSED disable\n reject\n } else {\n table incr \"conns\"\n }\n}\nwhen CLIENT_CLOSED {\n table decr \"conns\"\n} \n The answer is: reliability. What happens if CLIENT_CLOSED never fires? Maybe your box runs low on memory and the connection sweeper hits. Maybe you're running on a VIPRION with no HA and a blade goes down. Your user count never gets to be decremented, and so now you start rejecting connections because you think your VIP is busier than it is. And that's why there is no table decr: to discourage exactly this sort of code. If you think you need it, you probably shouldn’t be using increment and decrement to solve your problem. In the real example above, if CLIENT_CLOSED never fires, there's no problem. No matter how the connection dies, the timer will be removed, so it will stop touching the entry, so the entry will expire on its own. In this way, your connection count may only be wrong temporarily; it will settle on the right answer all on its own. ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"8597","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:278501":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:278501","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":278501},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-05-07T19:46:01.831-07:00","solved":false},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg1MDEtNDcyOGlBRUQ2QUI2MzRGQUIzQ0VF?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg1MDEtNDcyOGlBRUQ2QUI2MzRGQUIzQ0VF?revision=2","title":"0151T000003d7dOQAQ.png","associationType":"BODY","width":750,"height":390,"altText":"null"},"TkbTopicMessage:message:278501":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"The table Command: Subtables","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:278501"},"id":"message:278501","revisionNum":2,"uid":278501,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:24427"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":3185},"postTime":"2010-01-13T08:50:00.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-05-07T19:46:01.831-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... \n In this sixth part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss how you can create and manage subtables within the session table. \n Subtables \n Whew! Still with me? Good, because we're just now getting to some of best stuff. One of the most powerful changes to the session table in v10.1 is the concept of a subtable, which is simply a named set of entries. It lets you organize your entries in groups, and lets you act on those groups. A subtable is basically a table in and of itself, with some special abilities. Subtables only contain entries, though; you can’t nest subtables. Here's what they look like: \n They are trivial to use: every current table subcommand simply takes a -subtable <name> parameter. So you can do things like: \n table set -subtable $tbl $key $data\ntable lookup -subtable $othertbl $key\ntable delete -subtable $thirdtbl $key \n That's all there is to it! Doesn't look like much, does it? But this is very powerful stuff! Maybe you want a different set of data for each user, or for each client IP address, or for each virtual server? No problem! \n table set -subtable \"$username\" $key $data\ntable add -subtable \"[IP::client_addr]\" $key $data\ntable replace -subtable \"[virtual]\" $key $data \n Since you can name your subtables however you want, you can now have shared variables with any arbitrary scope! And there's an easy way to clean up: \n table delete -all -subtable \"$username\" \n will remove every entry in a subtable in one fell swoop. \n But wait! There's more! \n With subtables comes a new and long-desired ability: the ability to list or count the number of keys: \n table keys -subtable <name> [-count|-notouch] \n You’ll note that unlike all the other table subcommands, the subtable name is not optional here: there’s no way to use it on entries that aren’t in a subtable. Also note that by default, retrieving the list of keys will touch each one, but getting the count will never touch any entries. Isn't this AWESOME!?! This feature is going to simplify a lot of your iRules, and give you the ability to do things that simply weren't feasible before. I can't wait to see all the creative uses you come up with! That covers all of the new session table features. Now we'll cover some ways of putting everything together... ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"2577","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":5,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg1MDEtNDcyOGlBRUQ2QUI2MzRGQUIzQ0VF?revision=2\"}"}}],"totalCount":1,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:278495":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:278495","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":278495},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-05-07T19:42:28.835-07:00","solved":false},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTUtMjU0N2kxQTEwOUQxNjQ4QkJCQzY1?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTUtMjU0N2kxQTEwOUQxNjQ4QkJCQzY1?revision=2","title":"0151T000003d7dLQAQ.png","associationType":"BODY","width":700,"height":170,"altText":"null"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTUtMTUyMzJpOERBNENGN0ZGMzUwQUQwQw?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTUtMTUyMzJpOERBNENGN0ZGMzUwQUQwQw?revision=2","title":"0151T000003d7dMQAQ.png","associationType":"BODY","width":700,"height":170,"altText":"null"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTUtMTM4NzJpQUVGRDU4MTYyOUQwRkFFNQ?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTUtMTM4NzJpQUVGRDU4MTYyOUQwRkFFNQ?revision=2","title":"0151T000003d7dNQAQ.png","associationType":"BODY","width":700,"height":170,"altText":"null"},"TkbTopicMessage:message:278495":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"The table Command: Advanced Data Expiration","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:278495"},"id":"message:278495","revisionNum":2,"uid":278495,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:24427"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":1233},"postTime":"2010-01-13T08:49:00.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-05-07T19:42:28.835-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... \n In this fifth part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss advanced concepts around data lifetime and expiration from the session table. \n Advanced Data Expiration \n On the off chance that your iRule does need to keep close track of varying timeout or lifetime values, then you should know some important ways that they might or might not be changed. As you might expect, all of the other subcommands to set values take the timeout and lifetime parameters as well: \n table set [-excl|-mustexist] <key> <value> [<timeout> [<lifetime>]]\ntable add <key> <value> [<timeout> [<lifetime>]]\ntable replace <key> <value> [<timeout> [<lifetime>]] \n However, the add and replace subcommands are designed to sometimes not update the data. For example, if you call table add with a key that already exists, then the data will not get updated. In all cases, if the table command doesn't update the data, then it doesn't update the timeout and lifetime either. If it does update the data, then it does update the timeout and lifetime. So, if you have a table that looks like: \n and you run: \n table set 10.1.2.3 UserQuux indefinite 3600 \n then you end up with: \n The timeout and lifetime both got updated because the data was updated. If you then ran: \n table add 10.1.2.3 UserBar 120 120 \n then the table would not change at all. Because the data did not get updated, the timeout and lifetime also didn't. Sometimes you might want to update the value and not touch the existing timeout or lifetime values, even though you don't know what they are. By specifying a 0 for either the timeout or the lifetime, or by omitting the lifetime, that parameter is not changed even if the value is updated. So if you had the previous table and then ran: \n table replace 10.2.9.12 UserZap 180 0 \n you would get: \n You can see that the entry's value and the timeout were changed, but the lifetime was not. ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"2262","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTUtMjU0N2kxQTEwOUQxNjQ4QkJCQzY1?revision=2\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTUtMTUyMzJpOERBNENGN0ZGMzUwQUQwQw?revision=2\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDM","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTUtMTM4NzJpQUVGRDU4MTYyOUQwRkFFNQ?revision=2\"}"}}],"totalCount":3,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:278497":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:278497","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":278497},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-05-07T19:40:25.970-07:00","solved":false},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTctNzgwOWk1MThDRDVFNTEwQTMwMjJG?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTctNzgwOWk1MThDRDVFNTEwQTMwMjJG?revision=2","title":"0151T000003d7dJQAQ.png","associationType":"BODY","width":500,"height":267,"altText":"null"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTctMTA0NTRpREREQjBFNDg5MENDNEI3OA?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTctMTA0NTRpREREQjBFNDg5MENDNEI3OA?revision=2","title":"0151T000003d7dKQAQ.png","associationType":"BODY","width":500,"height":267,"altText":"null"},"TkbTopicMessage:message:278497":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"The table Command: Data Expiration","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:278497"},"id":"message:278497","revisionNum":2,"uid":278497,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:24427"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":1870},"postTime":"2010-01-13T08:48:00.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-05-07T19:40:25.970-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... \n In this fourth part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss data lifetime and expiration from the session table. \n Data expiration \n Remember that I mentioned that an entry also has metadata? Prior to v10.1, the only metadata that an entry had was a timestamp, which keeps track of when that entry was last touched (changed or queried), and a timeout. The touch timestamp can’t be directly set by iRules, of course. It’s used internally by the session table to keep track of when to expire entries. So a small session table might have looked like this: \n You can see a number of different types of keys and values, each one with a timeout and a timestamp. One common request to enhance the session table has been to have some way of looking up an entry without affecting the touch timestamp, so we added the -notouch flag to the table command: \n table set [-notouch] $key $data\ntable lookup [-notouch] $key \n With this flag, you can query the session table without changing when the entries will expire. But we felt that that didn't go far enough for some uses, so while the session table looks much the same in v10.1, it has two additions: \n Just as before, an entry has a touch timestamp and can have a timeout, but now it also has a create timestamp (to record when the entry was created), and it can also have a lifetime. By setting a lifetime on an entry, you can have it expire after a certain period of time no matter how many changes or lookups are performed on it. An entry can have a lifetime and a timeout at the same time. It will expire (be removed from the table) whenever the timeout OR the lifetime expires, whichever comes first. You can just specify the lifetime right after the timeout value: \n table set <key> <value> [<timeout> [<lifetime>]] \n If you want an entry to only have a lifetime, and not a timeout, you can specify an indefinite timeout. For example: \n table set $key $data indefinite 3600 \n will set an entry that will be removed after 3600 seconds. By default, an entry has a timeout of 180 seconds (just like previous versions), and an indefinite lifetime. For most uses of the session table, the user will specify timeout and lifetime values when an entry gets set, and never explicitly worry about them afterwards. If you do need to query or change those values on an entry, then you can do so directly: \n table timeout [-remaining] $key\ntable timeout $key <value>\ntable lifetime [-remaining] $key\ntable lifetime $key <value> \n These commands operate exactly as they read: you can query or set the lifetime or timeout parameter which the entry has, or you can query the remaining time that an entry has left. Note that these commands never affect the expiration of a record. In other words, they always implicitly have the -notouch flag set. ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"3116","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTctNzgwOWk1MThDRDVFNTEwQTMwMjJG?revision=2\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yNzg0OTctMTA0NTRpREREQjBFNDg5MENDNEI3OA?revision=2\"}"}}],"totalCount":2,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:278485":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:278485","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":278485},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-05-07T19:37:43.909-07:00","solved":false},"TkbTopicMessage:message:278485":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"The table Command: New Ways To Alter Data","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:278485"},"id":"message:278485","revisionNum":2,"uid":278485,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:24427"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":984},"postTime":"2010-01-13T08:47:00.000-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-05-07T19:37:43.909-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" With version 10.1, we've given the session table some long-sought functionality, and revamped its iRules interface completely to give users a new, cleaner, full-featured way to keep track of global data. We are very proud to introduce the table command... \n In this third part of the series on the usage of the new table command, we discuss ways to alter data in the session table. \n New Ways To Alter Data \n Of course, that's not the only way that two iRules running at the same time could stomp on each others changes. Very often you'll want to use iRules to do something like count how many requests a user makes. Without the table command, you might try to do something like: \n set reqs [session lookup uie $user]\nif { $reqs == {} } {\n set reqs 0\n}\nincr reqs\nsession add uie $user $reqs \n But this runs into the same problem: two different connections could lookup the value at the same time, each one will incremement it once, and each one will then write back the same value. So even though two connections came in, the value only increases by one. Not good. With the table command, there are two ways to alter values in the session table: \n table incr [-mustexist] $key [$value]\ntable append [-mustexist] $key $value \n table incr will add the specified value (or 1 if you don't specify a value) to the existing entry (or 1 if you don't specify a value), and table append will append the specified value. Both commands will return the value after it was changed. What happens if there isn't an entry with the specified key? By default, an entry is created with an empty value (for incr, that would be 0, and for append it would be the empty string), which is then incremented or appended to as appropriate. If you don't want an entry created by default, you can specify the -mustexist flag, which will make the command do nothing and return the empty string if there’s no existing entry. Because these are atomic operations (meaning that they can't be interrupted by another iRule running another table command), that means the above example become just one line: \n set reqs [table incr $user] \n How spiffy is that? \n There are two important caveats with table incr: first, don't try to increment a value that isn't a number. For example, if you have a key with an associated value of \"foo\", trying to increment that will cause a Tcl error (\"Illegal value\"). Second, you'll note that there is no table decr command. Why? If you want decr, then that means that you're counting things that go away (e.g. counting the number of users that are logged in). What happens if the connection is killed and you never get to run table decr? Your count will be wrong, and there won't be any way to fix it. There are ways of keeping an accurate count of things like that, which we'll cover in another section. If you're counting things that can't go away (e.g. a user can't \"unmake\" an HTTP request), then table incr is fine. 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