ssltls

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Fingerprinting TLS Clients with JA4 on F5 BIG-IP
JA4+ is a set of simple network fingerprints that are both human and machine readable to facilitate more effective threat-hunting and analysis. In this article you will learn how you can use F5 iRules to gerenate JA4 TLS fingerprints.
Joseph_Martin
Jul 02, 2024 Place Technical Articles
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SSL Legacy Renegotiation vs Secure Renegotiation Explained using Wireshark
Related articles: SSL Forward Proxy Explained using Wireshark Quick Intro This is just a quick but in-depth look into SSL/TLS Renegotation and Secure Renegotiation. I'll just quickly show you how legacy and secure negotiation work in TLS/SSL. Renegotiation takes place in the same TCP connection. Do not confuse with Session Resumption/Reuse which takes place in subsequent TCP connections. Here's the topology I used to test this: 1. Legacy Renegotiation First there is a full SSL handshake: Notice that on Frame 6 (Server Hello) BIG-IP offers a Session ID: However, we do not use this session ID in renegotiation. Why? Because renegotiation means we want to renegotiate security parameters again and reusing session ID we would be reusing the same security parameters. Also, renegotiation takes place over the same TCP connection, so if client is the one that starts renegotiation we see a straight Client Hello still over the same connection above and full handshake takes place: If it's BIG-IP (server-side) who is willing to trigger renegotiation then we see a Hello Request message still over same TCP connection followed by full handshake: That's it. This is legacy Renegotiation. Note: Do not confuse Renegotiation with Session Reuse/Resumption. In Session Reuse a new TCP connection is open and Client sends a Session ID from a previous session so that same security parameters are reused. 2. Secure Renegotiation - The Add on! Secure renegotiation is exactly the same as above with the addition of SSL renegotiation_info extension described in RFC5746. Note: The only reason for this extension is to avoid man-in-the-middle attack where session is hijacked and attacker tries to renegotiate new session using client's handshake information. This extension saves some information from initial handshake that must be provided upon renegotiation which attacker wouldn't have. If we click on first Client Hello we see renegotiation_info extension along with other extensions in Client Hello message: Note: Instead of renegotiation_info extension there is also the option to add TLS_EMPTY_RENEGOTIATION_INFO_SCSV to Cipher Suites list and that means the same thing, i.e. we (or client/server) support Secure Renegotiation. First message is always blank just to indicate Client supports Secure Renegotiation. Server also signals its support in Server Hello: At the end of every SSL handshake there is a Finished message sent by both Client and BIG-IP: If we click on Finished message from Client, more specifically on Verify Data field (assuming it is decrypted) we will see a 12 bytes hash in hexadecimal: This client-side hash (d5 b7 01 35 b3 d2 d7 2a 54 0e 24 f0) is the result of hash of all handshake messages exchanged at this point mixed with previously negotiated master secret and a mathematical function to make it more secure (random). This allows BIG-IP to validate the integrity of the entire handshake. In BIG-IP's Finished message we can also see the same Verify Data message which its own hash which in turn will also allow client to validate the integrity of the entire handshake: But why is it important to know that? Because in the next handshake, renegotiation_info (found within Client Hello sent by Client) contains Verify Data portion it sent in previous Finished message (from previous handshake). Then BIG-IP sends its hash concatenated with client in Verify Data portion. Therefore, it is unlikely an attacker could have obtained these values because Finished message is always encrypted. Let's confirm values match on renegotiation_info on Client Hello sent afterwards in the same TCP connection (frame 1931): On BIG-IP's side it is the concatenation of Client's Verify Data and BIG-IP's Verify data (frame 1965): That's it.
Rodrigo_Albuque
Mar 27, 2019 Place Technical Articles
7.7KViews
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Lightboard Lessons: SSL Certificates Behaving Badly
In the world of secure websites, it's critical to maintain proper ownership of the certificate that helps protect your site. Certificates hold the encryption keys that allow users to securely interact with your site. When a certificate expires or changes ownership, it is important (and even required) that it be revoked and replaced with a new, updated certificate. This ensures that the current owner of the certificate is the only one who can offer legitimate access to that specific website. Some really smart guys (Ian Foster and Dylan Ayrey) found what they have termed "Bygone SSL" where one person can hold a valid certificate for a website that someone else owns! This interesting phenomenon is not necessarily a result of nefarious behavior, but rather the reality of how certificates work today. In this video, John explains the issue and outlines the reason this is happening. Enjoy! Related Resources: Bygone SSL Blog: By Ian Foster CertGraph Tool to scan SSL Certificate Alt Names
ltwagnon
Nov 20, 2018 Place Technical Articles
421Views
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Lightboard Lessons: Breaking Down the TLS Handshake
The TLS handshake is a critical part of secure communications on the Internet today. In this video, we take a minute to break down the details of what goes on during the TLS handshake. Enjoy! Related Resources: Lightboard Lessons: What's In A Certificate? Whiteboard Wednesdays: SSL Ciphers SSL Profiles Part 4: Cipher Suites
ltwagnon
Apr 25, 2017 Place Technical Articles
411Views
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TLS Client Fingerprint Format"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjYyOTgtMjcxMThpQjUxRTcyNDVGQUMyOTAwMQ?revision=8\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjYyOTgtMjcxMThpQjUxRTcyNDVGQUMyOTAwMQ?revision=8","title":"JA4-request-log.png","associationType":"BODY","width":1273,"height":447,"altText":"JA4-request-log.png"},"TkbTopicMessage:message:326298":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Fingerprinting TLS Clients with JA4 on F5 BIG-IP","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:326298"},"id":"message:326298","revisionNum":8,"uid":326298,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:50672"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" JA4+ is a set of simple network fingerprints that are both human and machine readable to facilitate more effective threat-hunting and analysis. In this article you will learn how you can use F5 iRules to gerenate JA4 TLS fingerprints. ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":4204},"postTime":"2024-01-09T05:00:00.044-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-07-02T10:32:04.332-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n What is JA4? \n JA4 is a subset of the larger JA4+ set of network fingerprints. JA4+ is a set of simple network fingerprints for a number of protocols that are intended to be both human and machine readable, and replaces the JA3 TLS fingerprinting standard from 2017 (Salesforce is no longer maintaining JA3). Currently, JA4+ includes JA4/S/H/L/X/SSH, or JA4+ for short. \n JA4+ Fingerprints \n JA4 — TLS Client JA4S — TLS Server Response JA4H — HTTP Client JA4L — Light Distance/Location JA4X — X509 TLS Certificate JA4SSH — SSH Traffic \n More fingerprints are in development and will be added to the JA4+ family as they are released. \n From the previous table, JA4 is the network fingerprint for TLS clients. If you are not familiar with network fingerprinting or TLS fingerprinting, please see John Althouse's excellent article detailing the release of JA4+. \n Like JA3 (the predecessor to JA4), JA4 generates the fingerprint through passive analysis of the TLS CLIENT_HELLO packet. Using the information provided in this protocol packet, an easily readable and sharable fingerprint is generated using the following format: \n \n For details on the technical implementation of JA4+ please see the JA4+ github page. \n Like all of the other JA4+ fingerprints, the JA4 client TLS fingerprint is broken into three parts in an a_b_c format. The intent of this format is to allow for tracking of similar, but not identical, fingerprints. For example, as John explains in his blog, one vendor already implementing JA4 into their product has \"an actor who scans the internet with a constantly changing single TLS cipher. This generates a massive amount of completely different JA3 fingerprints but with JA4, only the b part of the JA4 fingerprint changes, parts a and c remain the same. As such, they can track the actor by looking at the JA4_ac fingerprint (joining a+c, dropping b)\". \n Implementing JA4 on F5 BIG-IP \n While F5 MAY implement JA4 natively into its various products and services at some point, that doesn't help us NOW. So, how can we take advantage of JA4 on F5 BIGIP TODAY? F5 iRules, of course!!! \n Following the technical implementation detailed in the JA4+ github documentation, I wrote an iRule to generate JA4 client TLS fingerprints. I will not explain all the details of the iRule, as I tried to include enough inline comments in the iRule itself sufficiently to document what each section of the iRule is doing. \n Update Jan 19, 2024: There was a change to the JA4 spec (prior to it's release) that I did not capture in the previous version of this iRule. The iRule has been updated to include this change. \n Update April 24, 2024: Removing the inline iRule in favor of a link to the Github repository so readers will also have latest version of the iRule. \n JA4 Client TLS Fingerprint iRule: \n All of the F5 iRules for JA4 can be found on the DevCentral Github Repository here. \n As you may be able to tell from the last few lines of the iRule, the JA4 fingerprint is injected into an HTTP request header. This allows the web server (or, potentially, any other security component in the path) to \"see\" and act on the JA4 fingerprint. Also, because this HTTP header is injected at HTTP_REQUEST time, it allows other modules in the BIGIP to \"see\" and potentially act on the JA4 fingerprint. \n JA4 Fingerprint in HTTP Request Log \n In my next article in this series on JA4, I'll detail how I could use F5 Advanced Web Application Firewall (AWAF) to block traffic based on the \"reputation\" of a JA4 fingerprint. \n Requirements and Caveats \n Currently, this iRule uses SSL iRule events and commands. As such, it requires a Client SSL profile to be attached to any virtual server that has this iRule assigned. This also means that SSL/TLS is terminated at the F5 device. Depending on demand, I MAY create another version of this iRule that does not have this requirement. \n EDIT: The latest version of the JA4 iRule no longer requires SSL/TLS termination at the F5 BIGIP. It will work whether the SSL/TLS is terminated at the F5 BIGIP or not. \n Also, because the iRule is injecting an HTTP header, it requires that an HTTP profile is also assigned to the virtual server. The latest version of the JA4 iRules uses a separate iRule to inject JA4+ fingerprints as HTTP headers. This allows use of the JA4 iRules without needing to modify them. If you do not want to inject the JA4 as an HTTP header, you will then want to log the JA4 fingerprint. Or, you could inject the JA4 fingerprint into the underlying protocol in some way; otherwise, you are simply generating a JA4 fingerprint and doing nothing with it. \n 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Legacy Renegotiation vs Secure Renegotiation Explained using Wireshark","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:281243"},"id":"message:281243","revisionNum":1,"uid":281243,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:115030"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":7698},"postTime":"2019-03-27T03:22:00.000-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2019-03-27T03:22:00.000-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Related articles: \n\n SSL Forward Proxy Explained using Wireshark \n\n Quick Intro \n\n This is just a quick but in-depth look into SSL/TLS Renegotation and Secure Renegotiation. I'll just quickly show you how legacy and secure negotiation work in TLS/SSL. Renegotiation takes place in the same TCP connection. Do not confuse with Session Resumption/Reuse which takes place in subsequent TCP connections. \n\n Here's the topology I used to test this: \n\n \n\n 1. Legacy Renegotiation \n\n First there is a full SSL handshake: \n\n \n\n Notice that on Frame 6 (Server Hello) BIG-IP offers a Session ID: \n\n \n\n However, we do not use this session ID in renegotiation. Why? Because renegotiation means we want to renegotiate security parameters again and reusing session ID we would be reusing the same security parameters. \n\n Also, renegotiation takes place over the same TCP connection, so if client is the one that starts renegotiation we see a straight Client Hello still over the same connection above and full handshake takes place: \n\n \n\n If it's BIG-IP (server-side) who is willing to trigger renegotiation then we see a Hello Request message still over same TCP connection followed by full handshake: \n\n \n\n That's it. This is legacy Renegotiation. \n\n Note: Do not confuse Renegotiation with Session Reuse/Resumption. In Session Reuse a new TCP connection is open and Client sends a Session ID from a previous session so that same security parameters are reused. \n\n 2. Secure Renegotiation - The Add on! \n\n Secure renegotiation is exactly the same as above with the addition of SSL renegotiation_info extension described in RFC5746. \n\n Note: The only reason for this extension is to avoid man-in-the-middle attack where session is hijacked and attacker tries to renegotiate new session using client's handshake information. This extension saves some information from initial handshake that must be provided upon renegotiation which attacker wouldn't have. \n\n If we click on first Client Hello we see renegotiation_info extension along with other extensions in Client Hello message: \n\n \n\n \n\n Note: Instead of renegotiation_info extension there is also the option to add TLS_EMPTY_RENEGOTIATION_INFO_SCSV to Cipher Suites list and that means the same thing, i.e. we (or client/server) support Secure Renegotiation. \n\n First message is always blank just to indicate Client supports Secure Renegotiation. Server also signals its support in Server Hello: \n\n \n\n \n\n At the end of every SSL handshake there is a Finished message sent by both Client and BIG-IP: \n\n \n\n If we click on Finished message from Client, more specifically on Verify Data field (assuming it is decrypted) we will see a 12 bytes hash in hexadecimal: \n\n \n\n This client-side hash (d5 b7 01 35 b3 d2 d7 2a 54 0e 24 f0) is the result of hash of all handshake messages exchanged at this point mixed with previously negotiated master secret and a mathematical function to make it more secure (random). This allows BIG-IP to validate the integrity of the entire handshake. In BIG-IP's Finished message we can also see the same Verify Data message which its own hash which in turn will also allow client to validate the integrity of the entire handshake: \n\n \n\n But why is it important to know that? Because in the next handshake, renegotiation_info (found within Client Hello sent by Client) contains Verify Data portion it sent in previous Finished message (from previous handshake). Then BIG-IP sends its hash concatenated with client in Verify Data portion. Therefore, it is unlikely an attacker could have obtained these values because Finished message is always encrypted. \n\n Let's confirm values match on renegotiation_info on Client Hello sent afterwards in the same TCP connection (frame 1931): \n\n \n\n On BIG-IP's side it is the concatenation of Client's Verify Data and BIG-IP's Verify data (frame 1965): \n\n \n\n That's it. 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Lessons: SSL Certificates Behaving Badly","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:281682"},"id":"message:281682","revisionNum":1,"uid":281682,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:56738"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":421},"postTime":"2018-10-29T06:23:00.000-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2018-10-29T06:23:00.000-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" In the world of secure websites, it's critical to maintain proper ownership of the certificate that helps protect your site. Certificates hold the encryption keys that allow users to securely interact with your site. When a certificate expires or changes ownership, it is important (and even required) that it be revoked and replaced with a new, updated certificate. This ensures that the current owner of the certificate is the only one who can offer legitimate access to that specific website. \n\n Some really smart guys (Ian Foster and Dylan Ayrey) found what they have termed \"Bygone SSL\" where one person can hold a valid certificate for a website that someone else owns! This interesting phenomenon is not necessarily a result of nefarious behavior, but rather the reality of how certificates work today. In this video, John explains the issue and outlines the reason this is happening. Enjoy! \n\n \n\n \n\n Related Resources: \n\n Bygone SSL Blog: By Ian Foster CertGraph Tool to scan SSL Certificate Alt Names ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"1073","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":4,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:280623":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:280623","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":280623},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2017-04-25T02:00:51.000-07:00","solved":false},"TkbTopicMessage:message:280623":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"Lightboard Lessons: Breaking Down the TLS Handshake","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:280623"},"id":"message:280623","revisionNum":1,"uid":280623,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:56738"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":411},"postTime":"2017-04-05T18:00:00.000-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2017-04-05T18:00:00.000-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" The TLS handshake is a critical part of secure communications on the Internet today. In this video, we take a minute to break down the details of what goes on during the TLS handshake. Enjoy! Related Resources: Lightboard Lessons: What's In A Certificate? 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