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Parsing tmsh command output with Python TextFSM module and some Lessons learned

ArvinF
Jun 28, 2024 Place Technical Articles
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BIG-IP Interface Stats in Real Time with a TMSH Script
For the savants among us, calculating bits in and bits out over a delta from two snapshots of the interface counters is a walk in the park. For the rest of us, it's nice to have a tool to look at the current traffic load on an interface while working in the command line interface. This article will walk you through creating a TMSH script to do just that. Source Data You can get at interface data via snmp and icontrol, but is also available with the tmsh show net interface command. --------------------------------------------------------- Net::Interface Name Status Bits Bits Pkts Pkts Drops Errs Media In Out In Out --------------------------------------------------------- 1.1 up 59.4T 5.0T 6.2G 2.4G 0 0 none Yep, that's data. But when you get to terabits, the dial doesn't move quite so quickly, so taking a diff every few seconds won't amount to much. Specifying the raw option on the show net interface command helps out in that regard. (raw) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Net::Interface Name Status Bits Bits Pkts Pkts Drops Errs Media In Out In Out ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.1 up 59485486972968 5080727699544 6291600606 2488751052 0 0 none That's better, but a little more challenging to parse than adding the field-fmt option, which puts it in a nice key value pair list. The bits-in and bits-out counters are the focus of this script. net interface 1.1 { counters.bits-in 59486479580896 counters.bits-out 5080875828888 counters.drops-all 0 counters.errors-all 0 counters.pkts-in 6291722759 counters.pkts-out 2488812198 media-active none name 1.1 status up } Now that we have key value pairs, and already separated by whitespace, this is a simple extraction once we split the entire string by newline. % split $x "\n" net\ interface\ 1.1\ \{ \ { counters.bits-in 59500356294368} \ { counters.bits-out 5082163022832} \ { counters.drops-all 0} \ { counters.errors-all 0} \ { counters.pkts-in 6293231170} \ { counters.pkts-out 2489470246} \ { media-active none} \ { name 1.1} \ { status up} \} \ {} % lindex [split $x "\n"] 1 counters.bits-in 59500356294368 % lindex [split $x "\n"] 2 counters.bits-out 5082163022832 % lindex [lindex [split $x "\n"] 1] 1 59500356294368 % lindex [lindex [split $x "\n"] 2] 1 5082163022832 Now that the data is extracted in proper form, we can move on to the script! Goals & Workflow The goals for this script are simple: take the values from counters.bits-in and counters.bits-out from a specified interface and display them at a specified refresh interval. We'll get from goals to a script by first working through some workflow: The Script Since we need to get data from the user (interface and interval specifications), let's start with the standard input. We'll use the getFeedback proc below. proc getFeedback { question } { puts -nonewline $question flush stdout return [gets stdin] } This proc pulls is then used in the initial script setup as shown next. tmsh::clear_screen if { $tmsh::argc == 1 } { set int [getFeedback "Please enter the interface number (ie, 1.1): "] } else { set int [lindex $tmsh::argv 1] } set l1 [] set l2 [] set interval [getFeedback "Please enter refresh rate for the stats (in seconds): "] set delay [expr $interval * 1000] Here we see the screen has been cleared, and then if the only argument in the script initialization is the script itself, then we ask for the interface name. Otherwise, we take the second argument value and set it as the interface name. Then, we initialize the l1 and l2 variables as lists. Finally, we ask for the desired refresh interval and set that delay for the after command use as it's argument is in milliseconds, not seconds. Next, we need to go ahead and take the data and dump it into the l1 variable we initialized: lappend l1 [lindex [lindex [split [tmsh::show net interface $int raw field-fmt] "\n"] 1] 1] lappend l1 [lindex [lindex [split [tmsh::show net interface $int raw field-fmt] "\n"] 2] 1] It looks a little scary, but this is an exact copy of the structure shown above in the Tcl shell except that we're using the TMSH command output instead of the static "x" variable we used to get the syntax necessary to extract the data. This results in l1 having a list with the bits-in and bits-out values in indexes 0 and 1 respectively. Now, the loop that allows this script to display the bit rate real time. while { true } { after $delay lappend l2 [lindex [lindex [split [tmsh::show net interface $int raw field-fmt] "\n"] 1] 1] lappend l2 [lindex [lindex [split [tmsh::show net interface $int raw field-fmt] "\n"] 2] 1] tmsh::clear_screen set statsIn [expr ([lindex $l2 0] - [lindex $l1 0]) / $interval] set statsOut [expr ([lindex $l2 1] - [lindex $l1 1]) / $interval] puts "Interface\t\tInbound (bps)\t\tOutbound (bps)" puts "$int\t\t\t$statsIn\t\t\t$statsOut" set l1 $l2 unset l2 } This loop will continue until you break it with a ctrl-c. We start the loop condition with our specified delay, then do with the l2 variable what we did with the l1 variable: take a snapshot of the bits-in and bits-out of the interface. After again clearing the screen, now we take the delta of the new snapshot and the old snapshot, and divide by the interval to get the bits transferred in and out on that interface, per second. Next, we display that to the screen with the puts command. Finally, in order to maintain the latest snapshot for the next interval, we set the l2 data to the l1 variable and unset the l2 variable. And that's it. Not that complicated, right? Going Forward This is a very simple throwaway script that needs a lot of work to have "arrived." Error checking, extensibility, etc, are missing, and are all left to the reader to develop for those purposes. This met a very specific troubleshooting need in my environment, and I would be remiss if I didn't share. I'd love to see someone take on error checking, or maybe displaying the bitrates for all interfaces if none is specified, or going a step further, summarizing all interfaces per vlan and showing vlan bitrates. Any takers? The script in its entirety is here in the TMSH codeshare.
JRahm
Aug 28, 2014 Place Technical Articles
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tmsh command output with Python TextFSM module and some Lessons learned","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:330438"},"id":"message:330438","revisionNum":7,"uid":330438,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:72057"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":459},"postTime":"2024-06-28T05:00:00.043-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-06-28T05:00:00.043-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" It’s been a while! I’m back with some code to parse tmsh command output, extracting specific sections of the output and present it in easy-to-read format. \n In my previous article, BIG-IP Advanced Firewall Manager (AFM) DNS NXDOMAIN Query Attack Type Walkthrough, I intended to gather DNS statistics and packet captures from the BIG-IP, use the observed stats to understand the DNS traffic, and use it as basis for detection and mitigation threshold for BIG-IP AFM DNS NXDOMAIN Query Attack Types. \n With the same goal, my use case is parsing DNS statistics from the command output tmsh show ltm profile dns <DNS profile>. I'm interested in the \"A\" Question Type and \"NXDOMAIN\" Response Message Return Code (RCODE) values. \n \n TextFSM \n TextFSM is a library used to parse semi-structured text data into structured data using templates that define patterns to match. \n As I'm using VSCode, here is the description of the textfsm module: \n ============= \n (module) textfsm \n Template based text parser. \n This module implements a parser, intended to be used for converting human readable text, such as command output from a router CLI, into a list of records, containing values extracted from the input text. \n A simple template language is used to describe a state machine to parse a specific type of text input, returning a record of values for each input entity. \n ============= \n I will be using TextFSM python module to create a template where regular expressions are defined to match values of interest and store them into records. \n I created 4 files and can be found in https://github.com/arvfopa/scripts \n dns_stat.txt is the output of the bash script that gather periodically the tmsh show ltm profile dns command output. Here's the sample: \n =========== \n while true; do date >> dns_stat.txt; tmsh show ltm profile dns {dns profile name} >> dns_stat.txt; sleep 20; echo \"#######\" >> dns_stat.txt; done \n =========== \n In this dns stat file, I wanted to extract the Date the command was run, the value of the A (host) record in the Question Type section and the No Name (NXDOMAIN) value in the Return Code (RCODE) section. \n \n https://github.com/arvfopa/scripts/blob/main/dns_stat.txt \n dns_t_1column.txt is the TextFSM template where I defined regular expressions to match the values of interest. \n https://github.com/arvfopa/scripts/blob/main/dns_t_1column.txt \n ======= \n Value DATE (\\S+.*) \n Value DNS_Q_typeA (\\d+) \n Value DNS_R_NXDOMAIN (\\d+) \n \n Start \n ^Date: ${DATE} \n ^\\s+A\\s+${DNS_Q_typeA} \n ^Return Code \\(RCODE\\) \n ^\\s{3}No Name \\(NXDOMAIN\\)\\s+${DNS_R_NXDOMAIN} -> Record \n ======= \n \"Value\" Definitions \n These lines define variables (values) that will capture specific parts of the text based on the provided regular expressions (regex). \n \"Start\" State \n This section defines the start state of the FSM (Finite State Machine) and the patterns it should match to transition states and capture values. \n As in my previous article, I also used ChatGPT a lot in creating and testing the scripts. When I had questions, I simply pasted the code and ChatGPT gives the explanation such as when I was trying to figure out the regular expression to match specifically the values in the dns stat sample file - which text and values, how many spaces in between. ChatGPT was very handy in the coding process especially when I can just prompt it to \"explain\". \n textfsm_dns_stat_parse.py is the python script which imports the textfsm module and use the TextFSM template created to parse the dns stat sample file. The parsed values are then tabulated. \n https://github.com/arvfopa/scripts/blob/main/textfsm_dns_stat_parse.py \n =========== \n import textfsm \n from tabulate import tabulate \n \n with open('dns_t_1column.txt') as template, open('dns_stat.txt') as dnsstat: \n re_table = textfsm.TextFSM(template) \n header = re_table.header \n result = re_table.ParseText(dnsstat.read()) \n tabulated = (tabulate(result, headers=header)) \n print(tabulated) \n \n with open('fsmtabulated.txt', mode='w', newline='') as file: \n file.write(tabulated) \n =========== \n fsmtabulated.txt is the output file of the textfsm_dns_stat_parse.py where the extracted values from the dns stat sample file are neatly tabulated. \n https://github.com/arvfopa/scripts/blob/main/fsmtabulated.txt \n \n As observed from the tabulated output, DNS_Q_typeA values refer to the A type DNS queries and DNS_R_NXDOMAIN are the DNS NXDOMAIN responses. Both values show an increase almost proportionally. \n For a BIG-IP administrator, an increase of DNS A queries may be expected, however, if the DNS NXDOMAIN response also increases, it may be that the DNS listener Virtual Server that uses the DNS profile is receiving a flood of DNS A queries for hostnames that do not exist in the backend DNS server pool and consumes resources - CPU, memory and bandwidth - and overwhelm the DNS servers. \n BIG-IP AFM have DNS DoS Attack Vectors that can be configured to detect and mitigate DNS DoS attacks. Making use of the dns stat data, we can configure detection and mitigation thresholds for DNS A Query and DNS NXDOMAIN Query to detect at 4000 EPS (events per second) and mitigate at 6000 EPS. Exceeding packets on the detected and mitigated vector will be dropped until the mitigation threshold is not exceeded. \n This will prevent excess DNS queries of certain types from reaching the backend DNS server and keep the service available. \n \n \n Lessons Learned \n In the previous Parsing F5 BIG-IP LTM DNS profile statistics and extracting values with Python article, I created a python script that sent iControl REST request thru the BIGREST module to a BIG-IP for DNS stats from a VS with a DNS profile. \n Regarding this error: \n raise SSLError(e, request=request) \n requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='IP address', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /mgmt/shared/echo-query (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate (_ssl.c:1007)'))) \n The \"certificate verify failed: self signed certificate\" error can be side stepped by setting the \"session_verify=False\" of the BIGIP class of the BIGREST module. While this is possible, using a TLS certificate on the BIG-IP that is trusted by the client that will run the python script is the secure option. \n Procedure on creating TLS device certificate for the BIG-IP can be found in these articles. \n K9114: Creating a new SSL device certificate and key pair \n K6353: Updating a self-signed SSL device certificate on a BIG-IP system \n Import the BIG-IP device certificate to the client's trusted certificate store or if the BIG-IP device TLS certificate is signed by a trusted CA, the client should be able to verify the BIG-IP device TLS certificate. \n On the python script, the variable that requests the stats from the DNS profile used in the DNS listener VS value is set to the URI for the specific VS name and the DNS profile. \n data = device.show(\"/mgmt/tm/ltm/virtual/dns-10.73.125.137/profiles/~Common~dns-p-1/\") \n The script can be modified to reference a different VS and a different DNS profile configured on the VS \n data = device.show(\"/mgmt/tm/ltm/virtual/<DNS Listener VS name>/profiles/<DNS Profile>/\") \n \n Conclusion \n Gathering periodic data from tmsh output and parsing it using tools such as python scripts can help BIG-IP administrators as it presents the collected stats in a human friendly format, instead of scrolling thru many lines of tmsh command output. The observed values can be then used to make configuration decisions as in the use case for this python script such as configuring detection and mitigation thresholds for DNS A Query and DNS NXDOMAIN Query to detect and mitigate DNS DoS attacks. Lastly, while there are existing tools/reporting - example, in the BIG-IP GUI, one can go to Statistics ›› Module Statistics : DNS : Delivery ›› GTM Listeners : <DNS VS Listener> and observe the profile statistics including from DNS profiles. This exercise offers alternative data gathering and analysis option for a BIG-IP administrator. \n I hope this article has been educational. \n The F5 SIRT creates security-related content posted here in DevCentral, sharing the team’s security mindset and knowledge. Feel free to view the articles that are tagged with the following: \n \n F5 SIRT \n series-F5SIRT-this-week-in-security \n TWIS \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"8724","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMzA0MzgtMHpHbUZX?revision=7\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMzA0MzgtdGhPeGI4?revision=7\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDM","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMzA0Mzgtc0hFTXZR?revision=7\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDQ","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMzA0MzgtWWFRYXBZ?revision=7\"}"}}],"totalCount":4,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:285670":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:285670","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":285670},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2014-08-27T23:43:20.000-07:00","solved":false},"User:user:51154":{"__typename":"User","uid":51154,"login":"JRahm","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/dS01MTE1NC1uYzdSVFk?image-coordinates=0%2C0%2C1067%2C1067"},"id":"user:51154"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yODU2NzAtOTg3N2kzQkVBNEYzQjI5NTY1OTk2?revision=1\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yODU2NzAtOTg3N2kzQkVBNEYzQjI5NTY1OTk2?revision=1","title":"0151T000003d5tjQAA.jpg","associationType":"BODY","width":447,"height":516,"altText":null},"TkbTopicMessage:message:285670":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"BIG-IP Interface Stats in Real Time with a TMSH Script","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:285670"},"id":"message:285670","revisionNum":1,"uid":285670,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:51154"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":3852},"postTime":"2013-09-17T09:00:00.000-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2013-09-17T09:00:00.000-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" For the savants among us, calculating bits in and bits out over a delta from two snapshots of the interface counters is a walk in the park. For the rest of us, it's nice to have a tool to look at the current traffic load on an interface while working in the command line interface. This article will walk you through creating a TMSH script to do just that. \n\n Source Data \n\n You can get at interface data via snmp and icontrol, but is also available with the tmsh show net interface command. \n\n \n---------------------------------------------------------\nNet::Interface\nName Status Bits Bits Pkts Pkts Drops Errs Media\n In Out In Out\n---------------------------------------------------------\n1.1 up 59.4T 5.0T 6.2G 2.4G 0 0 none\n \n\n Yep, that's data. But when you get to terabits, the dial doesn't move quite so quickly, so taking a diff every few seconds won't amount to much. Specifying the raw option on the show net interface command helps out in that regard. \n\n \n (raw)\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nNet::Interface\nName Status Bits Bits Pkts Pkts Drops Errs Media\n In Out In Out\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n1.1 up 59485486972968 5080727699544 6291600606 2488751052 0 0 none\n \n\n That's better, but a little more challenging to parse than adding the field-fmt option, which puts it in a nice key value pair list. The bits-in and bits-out counters are the focus of this script. \n\n \nnet interface 1.1 {\n counters.bits-in 59486479580896\n counters.bits-out 5080875828888\n counters.drops-all 0\n counters.errors-all 0\n counters.pkts-in 6291722759\n counters.pkts-out 2488812198\n media-active none\n name 1.1\n status up\n}\n \n\n Now that we have key value pairs, and already separated by whitespace, this is a simple extraction once we split the entire string by newline. \n\n \n% split $x \"\\n\"\nnet\\ interface\\ 1.1\\ \\{ \\\n{ counters.bits-in 59500356294368} \\\n{ counters.bits-out 5082163022832} \\\n{ counters.drops-all 0} \\\n{ counters.errors-all 0} \\\n{ counters.pkts-in 6293231170} \\\n{ counters.pkts-out 2489470246} \\\n{ media-active none} \\\n{ name 1.1} \\\n{ status up} \\} \\\n{}\n% lindex [split $x \"\\n\"] 1\n counters.bits-in 59500356294368\n% lindex [split $x \"\\n\"] 2\n counters.bits-out 5082163022832\n% lindex [lindex [split $x \"\\n\"] 1] 1\n59500356294368\n% lindex [lindex [split $x \"\\n\"] 2] 1\n5082163022832\n \n\n Now that the data is extracted in proper form, we can move on to the script! \n\n Goals & Workflow \n\n The goals for this script are simple: take the values from counters.bits-in and counters.bits-out from a specified interface and display them at a specified refresh interval. We'll get from goals to a script by first working through some workflow: \n\n \n\n The Script \n\n Since we need to get data from the user (interface and interval specifications), let's start with the standard input. We'll use the getFeedback proc below. \n\n \nproc getFeedback { question } {\n puts -nonewline $question\n flush stdout\n return [gets stdin]\n}\n \n\n \n\n This proc pulls is then used in the initial script setup as shown next. \n\n \n tmsh::clear_screen\n if { $tmsh::argc == 1 } {\n set int [getFeedback \"Please enter the interface number (ie, 1.1): \"]\n } else {\n set int [lindex $tmsh::argv 1]\n }\n\n set l1 []\n set l2 []\n set interval [getFeedback \"Please enter refresh rate for the stats (in seconds): \"]\n set delay [expr $interval * 1000]\n \n\n Here we see the screen has been cleared, and then if the only argument in the script initialization is the script itself, then we ask for the interface name. Otherwise, we take the second argument value and set it as the interface name. Then, we initialize the l1 and l2 variables as lists. Finally, we ask for the desired refresh interval and set that delay for the after command use as it's argument is in milliseconds, not seconds. Next, we need to go ahead and take the data and dump it into the l1 variable we initialized: \n\n \n lappend l1 [lindex [lindex [split [tmsh::show net interface $int raw field-fmt] \"\\n\"] 1] 1]\n lappend l1 [lindex [lindex [split [tmsh::show net interface $int raw field-fmt] \"\\n\"] 2] 1]\n \n\n It looks a little scary, but this is an exact copy of the structure shown above in the Tcl shell except that we're using the TMSH command output instead of the static \"x\" variable we used to get the syntax necessary to extract the data. This results in l1 having a list with the bits-in and bits-out values in indexes 0 and 1 respectively. Now, the loop that allows this script to display the bit rate real time. \n\n \n while { true } {\n after $delay\n lappend l2 [lindex [lindex [split [tmsh::show net interface $int raw field-fmt] \"\\n\"] 1] 1]\n lappend l2 [lindex [lindex [split [tmsh::show net interface $int raw field-fmt] \"\\n\"] 2] 1]\n tmsh::clear_screen\n\n set statsIn [expr ([lindex $l2 0] - [lindex $l1 0]) / $interval]\n set statsOut [expr ([lindex $l2 1] - [lindex $l1 1]) / $interval]\n\n puts \"Interface\\t\\tInbound (bps)\\t\\tOutbound (bps)\"\n puts \"$int\\t\\t\\t$statsIn\\t\\t\\t$statsOut\"\n\n set l1 $l2\n unset l2\n }\n \n\n This loop will continue until you break it with a ctrl-c. We start the loop condition with our specified delay, then do with the l2 variable what we did with the l1 variable: take a snapshot of the bits-in and bits-out of the interface. After again clearing the screen, now we take the delta of the new snapshot and the old snapshot, and divide by the interval to get the bits transferred in and out on that interface, per second. Next, we display that to the screen with the puts command. Finally, in order to maintain the latest snapshot for the next interval, we set the l2 data to the l1 variable and unset the l2 variable. And that's it. Not that complicated, right? \n\n Going Forward \n\n This is a very simple throwaway script that needs a lot of work to have \"arrived.\" Error checking, extensibility, etc, are missing, and are all left to the reader to develop for those purposes. This met a very specific troubleshooting need in my environment, and I would be remiss if I didn't share. I'd love to see someone take on error checking, or maybe displaying the bitrates for all interfaces if none is specified, or going a step further, summarizing all interfaces per vlan and showing vlan bitrates. Any takers? \n\n The script in its entirety is here in the TMSH codeshare. 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