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SMTP Smugglers Blues
The SMTP protocol has been vulnerable to email smuggling for decades. Many of the mail servers out there have mitigations in place to handle this vulnerability but not all of them, especially the quick libraries and add-ons you can find on web sites. Protecting your server from these attacks is simple with F5 BIG-IP Advanced WAF and our SMTP Protocol Security profiles. Read to learn how to give those bad actors the “Smugglers Blues”
Scheff
Mar 26, 2024 Place Technical Articles
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F5 BIG-IP Advanced WAF: OWASP Top 10 Application Security Risks 2021 Compliance Dashboard
Introduction The increase in vulnerabilities and application or API-related attacks exploiting those vulnerabilities has steadily risen. Vulnerabilities like Log4j, and the Log4Shell exploit are spawned and continue to impact many organizations even today. This is where a web application firewall (WAF) solution can protect your apps and APIs. One of the most respected authorities in web application security is the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP). OWASP is an open-source project to improve web application security, a coalition of individual contributors and sponsor companies who come together to contribute resources to the project. One of the best-known resources the project delivers is the OWASP Top 10 List. Since web application vulnerability risks change frequently, becoming comparatively more or less critical over time, the OWASP Top 10 List is periodically updated to reflect these changes. The first version of the list was created in 2004, then updated in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2017, and again in 2021 (its most recent version). Figure 1: OWASP Top 10 Web Application Security Risks of 2021 F5 delivers a number of security solutions to help mitigate vulnerabilities in the OWASP categories, and the exploits that are produced from them. To ensure you’re compliant with the OWASP Top 10, F5 BIG-IP Advanced WAF offers a dedicated OWASP compliance dashboard that enables security admins to check how well their policy is set to defend against the OWASP Top 10 and allow organizations to easily reach 100% coverage. The solution makes it simple to modify policies to improve protection from exploit of vulnerabilities in the OWASP Top 10. The compliance dashboard provides a holistic and interactive view that shows the level of mitigation applied by SecOps team against the OWASP Top 10 vulnerability categories. It provides an overall assessment of the policies created and a percentage of how much the policies protect against the various vulnerability categories. The dashboard allows SecOps to increase/adjust the level of protection in real-time based on their needs by deploying pre-defined policies that mitigate the vulnerabilities and their associated exploits. This can be achieved directly from the BIG-IP Advanced WAF’s OWASP Top 10 2021 Dashboard, simplifying protection against known, unknown, and hidden vulnerabilities. Simple, quick, and easy vulnerability and exploit protection, from a single dashboard. Protection Overview Navigating to the OWASP Compliance screen, you can see the list of all the security policies. Clicking on a policy displays the OWASP compliance status for that policy and the coverage for each category. Figure 2: OWASP Compliance screen Expanding a category presents the compliance percentage, a description of that security risk, and the configuration required for full security coverage for this category. Each category is broken down into specific security protections, including positive and negative security controls that can be enabled, disabled, or ignored directly on the dashboard based on your organization’s requirements. Required Attack Signatures: Enforce all the relevant Attack Signatures for this attack type directly from the Dashboard. Required Policy Entities: Add protection configuration components such as Cookies and login Enforcement, data masking, Evasion techniques, detection, methods, URLs, and more relevant configurations for each attack type. In addition to WAF-specific security protections, the OWASP Compliance Dashboard also provides security Best Practices to follow in your processes, such as vulnerability scanning or using trusted repositories. Figure 3: OWASP category A03 Injection – protection and compliance The following video shows how to monitor the compliance coverage of security risks and how to quickly enhance an organization's security configuration directly from the dashboard to receive full compliance with protection from OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities being actively exploited. Conclusion Web applications remain a top target for threats, such as automated attacks, data exfiltration, and vulnerabilities. But F5 can help! Not only can you check off regulatory compliance, but also be able to create reports via the security score relative to deployed policies that address the OWASP Top 10, enabling security admins to view each policy’s coverage status, improving protections if necessary, and even allowing security configuration to be performed directly from the dashboard. To learn more, please visit: How to deploy a basic OWASP Top 10 for 2021 compliant declarative WAF policy for BIG-IP   K45215395: Guide introduction and contents | Secure against the OWASP Top 10 for 2021  K000135973: Guide Introduction and contents | APIs and the OWASP Top 10 guide (2023) Mitigating OWASP API Security risks using BIG-IP  BIG-IP Advanced WAF Webpage Overview of BIG-IP
iwiener
Dec 27, 2023 Place Technical Articles
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F5 powered API security and management
Editor's Note: The F5 Beacon capabilities referenced in this article hosted on F5 Cloud Services are planning a migration to a new SaaS Platform - Check out the latest here. Introduction Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) enable application delivery systems to communicate with each other. According to a survey conducted by IDC, security is the main impediment to delivery of API-based services. Research conducted by F5 Labs shows that APIs are highly susceptible to cyber-attacks. Access or injection attacks against the authentication surface of the API are launched first, followed by exploitation of excessive permissions to steal or alter data that is reachable via the API. Agile development practices, highly modular application architectures, and business pressures for rapid development contribute to security holes in both APIs exposed to the public and those used internally. API delivery programs must include the following elements : (1) Automated Publishing of APIs using Swagger files or OpenAPI files, (2) Authentication and Authorization of API calls, (3) Routing and rate limiting of API calls, (4) Security of API calls and finally (5) Metric collection and visualization of API calls. The reference architecture shown below offers a streamlined way of achieving each element of an API delivery program. F5 solution works with modern automation and orchestration tools, equipping developers with the ability to implement and verify security at strategic points within the API development pipeline. Security gets inserted into the CI/CD pipeline where it can be tested and attached to the runtime build, helping to reduce the attack surface of vulnerable APIs. Common Patterns Enterprises need to maintain and evolve their traditional APIs, while simultaneously developing new ones using modern architectures. These can be delivered with on-premises servers, from the cloud, or hybrid environments. APIs are difficult to categorize as they are used in delivering a variety of user experiences, each one potentially requiring a different set of security and compliance controls. In all of the patterns outlined below, NGINX Controller is used for API Management functions such as publishing the APIs, setting up authentication and authorization, and NGINX API Gateway forms the data path. Security controls are addressed based on the security requirements of the data and API delivery platform. 1. APIs for highly regulated business Business APIs that involve the exchange of sensitive or regulated information may require additional security controls to be in compliance with local regulations or industry mandates. Some examples are apps that deliver protected health information or sensitive financial information. Deep payload inspection at scale, and custom WAF rules become an important mechanism for protecting this type of API. F5 Advanced WAF is recommended for providing security in this scenario. 2. Multi-cloud distributed API Mobile App users who are dispersed around the world need to get a response from the API backend with low latency. This requires that the API endpoints be delivered from multiple geographies to optimize response time. F5 DNS Load Balancer Cloud Service (global server load balancing) is used to connect API clients to the endpoints closest to them. In this case, F5 Cloud Services Essential App protect is recommended to offer baseline security, and NGINX APP protect deployed closer to the API workload, should be used for granular security controls. Best practices for this pattern are described here. 3. API workload in Kubernetes F5 service mesh technology helps API delivery teams deal with the challenges of visibility and security when API endpoints are deployed in Kubernetes environment. NGINX Ingress Controller, running NGINX App Protect, offers seamless North-South connectivity for API calls. F5 Aspen Mesh is used to provide East-West visibility and mTLS-based security for workloads. The Kubernetes cluster can be on-premises or deployed in any of the major cloud provider infrastructures including Google’s GKE, Amazon’s EKS/Fargate, and Microsoft’s AKS. An example for implementing this pattern with NGINX per pod proxy is described here, and more examples are forthcoming in the API Security series. 4. API as Serverless Functions F5 cloud services Essential App Protect offering SaaS-based security or NGINX App Protect deployed in AWS Fargate can be used to inject protection in front of serverless API endpoints. Summary F5 solutions can be leveraged regardless of the architecture used to deliver APIs or infrastructure used to host them. In all patterns described above, metrics and logs are sent to one or many of the following: (1) F5 Beacon (2) SIEM of choice (3) ELK stack. Best practices for customizing API related views via any of these visibility solutions will be published in the following DevCentral series. DevOps can automate F5 products for integration into the API CI/CD pipeline. As a result, security is no longer a roadblock to delivering APIs at the speed of business. F5 solutions are future-proof, enabling development teams to confidently pivot from one architecture to another. To complement and extend the security of above solutions, organizations can leverage the power of F5 Silverline Managed Services to protect their infrastructure against volumetric, DNS, and higher-level denial of service attacks. The Shape bot protection solutions can also be coupled to detect and thwart bots, including securing mobile access with its mobile SDK.
Mudit_Tyagi
Aug 10, 2022 Place Technical Articles
901Views
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Smugglers Blues","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:327611"},"id":"message:327611","revisionNum":10,"uid":327611,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:321703"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" The SMTP protocol has been vulnerable to email smuggling for decades. Many of the mail servers out there have mitigations in place to handle this vulnerability but not all of them, especially the quick libraries and add-ons you can find on web sites. Protecting your server from these attacks is simple with F5 BIG-IP Advanced WAF and our SMTP Protocol Security profiles. Read to learn how to give those bad actors the “Smugglers Blues” ","introduction":"How to stop SMTP Smuggling Attacks with F5 BIG-IP Advanced WAF","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":539},"postTime":"2024-03-26T05:00:00.444-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2024-03-26T05:00:00.444-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" I desperately want to break away from the Miami Vice theme, but it keeps returning! Now I have Glen Frey playing in my head. 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In SMTP Smuggling, the trick is to make the mail server think the mail is done so that it’s queued to send, but there’s another email after it that will also be queued to send. \n This is an example of an SMTP conversation between a client and server: \n Client: EHLO mail.example.com \nServer: 250-mail.example.com Hello [Client IP Address], pleased to meet you \nClient: MAIL FROM: <root@example.com> \nServer: 250 2.1.0 <root@example.com>... Sender ok \nClient: RCPT TO: <mailowner@localhost> \nServer: 250 2.1.5 <mailowner@localhost>... Recipient ok \nClient: DATA Server: 354 Enter mail, end with \".\" on a line by itself \nClient: Date: Thur, 18 Jan 24 10:39:00 EST \nClient: From: Root <root@localhost> \nClient: To: <mailowner@localhost> \nClient: Cc: <peter@peterscheffler.com> \nClient: Subject: Update \nClient: \nClient: Mike: Cindy stubbed her toe. Bobby went to \nClient: baseball camp. Marsha made the cheerleading team. \nClient: Jan got glasses. Peter has an identity crisis. \nClient: Greg made dates with 3 girls and couldn't \nClient: remember their names. \nClient: <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> \nServer: 250 2.0.0 Message accepted for delivery \nClient: QUIT Server: 221 2.0.0 mail.example.com closing connection \n The key is in the line that is a single period (.) which informs the mail server that the client is done. \n What is not normally shown is the <CR><LF> around the period, which is important. The server usually tells the client in response to the DATA client request. \n The smuggling attack messes with the delimiter - <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> - by dropping the final <LF>, followed by a new email. Below is an example of an email with a smuggled email after it: \n Client: EHLO mail.example.com \nServer: 250-mail.example.com Hello [Client IP Address], pleased to meet you \nClient: MAIL FROM: <root@example.com> \nServer: 250 2.1.0 <root@example.com>... Sender ok \nClient: RCPT TO: <mailowner@localhost> \nServer: 250 2.1.5 <mailowner@localhost>... Recipient ok \nClient: DATA \nServer: 354 Enter mail, end with \".\" on a line by itself \nClient: Date: Thur, 18 Jan 24 10:39:00 EST \nClient: From: Root <root@localhost> \nClient: To: <mailowner@localhost> \nClient: Cc: <peter@peterscheffler.com> \nClient: Subject: Update \nClient: \nClient: Mike: Cindy stubbed her toe. Bobby went to \nClient: baseball camp. Marsha made the cheerleading team. \nClient: Jan got glasses. Peter has an identity crisis. \nClient: Greg made dates with 3 girls and couldn't \nClient: remember their names. \nClient: <CR><LF>.<CR> \nServer: 250 2.0.0 Message accepted for delivery \nClient: DATA \nServer: 354 Enter mail, end with \".\" on a line by itself \nClient: Date: Thur, 18 Jan 24 10:39:00 EST \nClient: From: Sneak <sneak@localhost> \nClient: To: <phisphyphishy@localhost> \nClient: Subject: A New CAR!!! Click here to get your new car delivered to you, act NOW http://malicious-car-dealers.ru \nClient: <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> \nServer: 250 2.0.0 Message accepted for delivery \nClient: QUIT \nServer: 221 2.0.0 mail.example.com closing connection \n Before I go any further, there’s a kudos for anyone who gets the reference in the emails; comment below if you get it. \n So, back to the attack: In this case, the line: \n <CR><LF>.<CR> \n is the trick used to fool the mail server into accepting the second email as part of the logged-in user’s email request, but the two emails, one with a subject line of \"Update\" and one with a subject line of \"A New CAR!!\" are queued individually, with different From: and To: emails. \n Advanced Phishing 201 \n Welcome to your Advanced Phishing Class folks, I promise, there’s no math. \n Using SMTP Smuggling allows a bad actor – no, not a Razzie Winner! – who has credentials to an email server, the ability to send email from a corporate mail server to anyone, impersonating anyone. \n Remember, over the last ten or fifteen years, there has been an effort to strengthen the network of email servers with PKI and authentication. This ensures that mail is being sent from known servers by legitimate users. This is still the case here as the server itself is not compromised, but the user credentials are used by the bad actor on the legitimate server, thereby skirting the legitimacy of the mail server network. \n Stopping the attacks \n The good news is that the little hack the bad actor exploits in this attack – the lack of a completing <LF> - breaks the SMTP protocol. This is an OLD protocol that has been in place for decades. The email example I used in my attacks, er, “testing,” dates back to 1999 on the IBM website for the VMS operating system! \n F5 has offered a product called “Protocol Compliance” for ages. It used to be a separate license that you needed to purchase. It gave you protection for various protocols, including SMTP. This is included in the Advanced WAF license, so if you have AWAF, you have this protection available. \n I won’t go into the details of enabling it, it can vary from release to release, but you can see how it’s enabled on V17.0 here: Securing SMTP Traffic \n Basically, you need to create an SMTP Security Profile (most likely under Security->Protocol Security->Security Profiles->SMTP) and enable profile items in Blocking. There’s no actual setting for checking the protocol itself; that’s intrinsic to how this works. You can enable other settings if you wish, but they are unnecessary for stopping our suave pilot smuggler. \n \n \n \n You then enable this on a virtual server with your SMTP servers in the pool – remember to enable the SMTP Protocol as well. \n \n Then you can play DEA Agent to those Smugglers! \n The Power of a Full Proxy \n The one thing I take away from all of this is how proxying anything can offer some fantastic benefits. In this case, the proxy allows us to inspect the incoming SMTP request for valid formatting and protocol compliance. But as you investigate the options, you can see you can limit the domains, add in rate limiting, or allow or disallow different commands. \n \n Please note that this article contains some content generated by AI tools, sadly that's not me standing on the steps of my own private jet. 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Vulnerabilities like Log4j, and the Log4Shell exploit are spawned and continue to impact many organizations even today. This is where a web application firewall (WAF) solution can protect your apps and APIs. \n One of the most respected authorities in web application security is the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP). OWASP is an open-source project to improve web application security, a coalition of individual contributors and sponsor companies who come together to contribute resources to the project. One of the best-known resources the project delivers is the OWASP Top 10 List. Since web application vulnerability risks change frequently, becoming comparatively more or less critical over time, the OWASP Top 10 List is periodically updated to reflect these changes. The first version of the list was created in 2004, then updated in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2017, and again in 2021 (its most recent version). \n \n \n Figure 1: OWASP Top 10 Web Application Security Risks of 2021 \n \n F5 delivers a number of security solutions to help mitigate vulnerabilities in the OWASP categories, and the exploits that are produced from them. To ensure you’re compliant with the OWASP Top 10, F5 BIG-IP Advanced WAF offers a dedicated OWASP compliance dashboard that enables security admins to check how well their policy is set to defend against the OWASP Top 10 and allow organizations to easily reach 100% coverage. The solution makes it simple to modify policies to improve protection from exploit of vulnerabilities in the OWASP Top 10. \n The compliance dashboard provides a holistic and interactive view that shows the level of mitigation applied by SecOps team against the OWASP Top 10 vulnerability categories. It provides an overall assessment of the policies created and a percentage of how much the policies protect against the various vulnerability categories. The dashboard allows SecOps to increase/adjust the level of protection in real-time based on their needs by deploying pre-defined policies that mitigate the vulnerabilities and their associated exploits. This can be achieved directly from the BIG-IP Advanced WAF’s OWASP Top 10 2021 Dashboard, simplifying protection against known, unknown, and hidden vulnerabilities. Simple, quick, and easy vulnerability and exploit protection, from a single dashboard. \n \n Protection Overview \n Navigating to the OWASP Compliance screen, you can see the list of all the security policies. Clicking on a policy displays the OWASP compliance status for that policy and the coverage for each category. \n \n \n Figure 2: OWASP Compliance screen \n \n Expanding a category presents the compliance percentage, a description of that security risk, and the configuration required for full security coverage for this category. Each category is broken down into specific security protections, including positive and negative security controls that can be enabled, disabled, or ignored directly on the dashboard based on your organization’s requirements. \n \n Required Attack Signatures: Enforce all the relevant Attack Signatures for this attack type directly from the Dashboard. \n Required Policy Entities: Add protection configuration components such as Cookies and login Enforcement, data masking, Evasion techniques, detection, methods, URLs, and more relevant configurations for each attack type. \n \n In addition to WAF-specific security protections, the OWASP Compliance Dashboard also provides security Best Practices to follow in your processes, such as vulnerability scanning or using trusted repositories. \n \n Figure 3: OWASP category A03 Injection – protection and compliance \n \n The following video shows how to monitor the compliance coverage of security risks and how to quickly enhance an organization's security configuration directly from the dashboard to receive full compliance with protection from OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities being actively exploited. \n \n \n \n Conclusion \n Web applications remain a top target for threats, such as automated attacks, data exfiltration, and vulnerabilities. But F5 can help! Not only can you check off regulatory compliance, but also be able to create reports via the security score relative to deployed policies that address the OWASP Top 10, enabling security admins to view each policy’s coverage status, improving protections if necessary, and even allowing security configuration to be performed directly from the dashboard. \n \n To learn more, please visit: \n \n How to deploy a basic OWASP Top 10 for 2021 compliant declarative WAF policy for BIG-IP   \n K45215395: Guide introduction and contents | Secure against the OWASP Top 10 for 2021  \n K000135973: Guide Introduction and contents | APIs and the OWASP Top 10 guide (2023) \n Mitigating OWASP API Security risks using BIG-IP  \n BIG-IP Advanced WAF Webpage \n Overview of BIG-IP \n ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"5231","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjM1OTktMjY4MjNpRUZGRDNCNzU4OEIyOUVBQw?revision=20\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDI","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjM1OTktMjYxODdpRDBBQ0REQUMwNjU3NTIzOA?revision=20\"}"}},{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuMnwyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDM","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjM1OTktMjY4MjRpNzg0RUY1RjdCNjIzNkQ1Qg?revision=20\"}"}}],"totalCount":3,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"VideoEdge","cursor":"MHxodHRwczovL3d3dy55b3V0dWJlLmNvbS93YXRjaD92PUgxQUVJVVJwMXhNfDB8MjU7MjV8fA","node":{"__typename":"AssociatedVideo","videoTag":{"__typename":"VideoTag","vid":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1AEIURp1xM","thumbnail":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/H1AEIURp1xM/hqdefault.jpg","uploading":false,"height":113,"width":200,"title":null},"videoAssociationType":"INLINE_BODY"}}],"totalCount":1,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Conversation:conversation:291092":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:291092","topic":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","uid":291092},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2022-08-10T16:57:03.895-07:00","solved":false},"User:user:201658":{"__typename":"User","uid":201658,"login":"Mudit_Tyagi","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/m_assets/avatars/default/avatar-7.svg?time=0"},"id":"user:201658"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yOTEwOTItMTU0NGk3RUREOTQxRTA3MTRFOEI4?revision=2\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0yOTEwOTItMTU0NGk3RUREOTQxRTA3MTRFOEI4?revision=2","title":"0151T000003phfJQAQ.jpg","associationType":"BODY","width":1005,"height":561,"altText":null},"TkbTopicMessage:message:291092":{"__typename":"TkbTopicMessage","subject":"F5 powered API security and management","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:291092"},"id":"message:291092","revisionNum":2,"uid":291092,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:201658"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":901},"postTime":"2020-09-03T12:09:17.000-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2022-08-10T16:57:03.895-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Editor's Note: The F5 Beacon capabilities referenced in this article hosted on F5 Cloud Services are planning a migration to a new SaaS Platform - Check out the latest here. \n \n \n Introduction \n \n Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) enable application delivery systems to communicate with each other. According to a survey conducted by IDC, security is the main impediment to delivery of API-based services. Research conducted by F5 Labs shows that APIs are highly susceptible to cyber-attacks. Access or injection attacks against the authentication surface of the API are launched first, followed by exploitation of excessive permissions to steal or alter data that is reachable via the API. Agile development practices, highly modular application architectures, and business pressures for rapid development contribute to security holes in both APIs exposed to the public and those used internally. \n \n \n \n API delivery programs must include the following elements : (1) Automated Publishing of APIs using Swagger files or OpenAPI files, (2) Authentication and Authorization of API calls, (3) Routing and rate limiting of API calls, (4) Security of API calls and finally (5) Metric collection and visualization of API calls. The reference architecture shown below offers a streamlined way of achieving each element of an API delivery program. F5 solution works with modern automation and orchestration tools, equipping developers with the ability to implement and verify security at strategic points within the API development pipeline. Security gets inserted into the CI/CD pipeline where it can be tested and attached to the runtime build, helping to reduce the attack surface of vulnerable APIs. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Common Patterns \n \n Enterprises need to maintain and evolve their traditional APIs, while simultaneously developing new ones using modern architectures. These can be delivered with on-premises servers, from the cloud, or hybrid environments. APIs are difficult to categorize as they are used in delivering a variety of user experiences, each one potentially requiring a different set of security and compliance controls. In all of the patterns outlined below, NGINX Controller is used for API Management functions such as publishing the APIs, setting up authentication and authorization, and NGINX API Gateway forms the data path. Security controls are addressed based on the security requirements of the data and API delivery platform. \n \n \n \n 1. APIs for highly regulated business \n \n Business APIs that involve the exchange of sensitive or regulated information may require additional security controls to be in compliance with local regulations or industry mandates. Some examples are apps that deliver protected health information or sensitive financial information. Deep payload inspection at scale, and custom WAF rules become an important mechanism for protecting this type of API. F5 Advanced WAF is recommended for providing security in this scenario. \n \n \n \n 2. Multi-cloud distributed API \n \n Mobile App users who are dispersed around the world need to get a response from the API backend with low latency. This requires that the API endpoints be delivered from multiple geographies to optimize response time. F5 DNS Load Balancer Cloud Service (global server load balancing) is used to connect API clients to the endpoints closest to them. In this case, F5 Cloud Services Essential App protect is recommended to offer baseline security, and NGINX APP protect deployed closer to the API workload, should be used for granular security controls. Best practices for this pattern are described here. \n \n \n \n 3. API workload in Kubernetes \n \n F5 service mesh technology helps API delivery teams deal with the challenges of visibility and security when API endpoints are deployed in Kubernetes environment. NGINX Ingress Controller, running NGINX App Protect, offers seamless North-South connectivity for API calls. F5 Aspen Mesh is used to provide East-West visibility and mTLS-based security for workloads. The Kubernetes cluster can be on-premises or deployed in any of the major cloud provider infrastructures including Google’s GKE, Amazon’s EKS/Fargate, and Microsoft’s AKS. An example for implementing this pattern with NGINX per pod proxy is described here, and more examples are forthcoming in the API Security series. \n \n \n \n 4. API as Serverless Functions \n \n F5 cloud services Essential App Protect offering SaaS-based security or NGINX App Protect deployed in AWS Fargate can be used to inject protection in front of serverless API endpoints. \n \n Summary \n \n F5 solutions can be leveraged regardless of the architecture used to deliver APIs or infrastructure used to host them. In all patterns described above, metrics and logs are sent to one or many of the following: (1) F5 Beacon (2) SIEM of choice (3) ELK stack. Best practices for customizing API related views via any of these visibility solutions will be published in the following DevCentral series. \n \n \n \n DevOps can automate F5 products for integration into the API CI/CD pipeline. As a result, security is no longer a roadblock to delivering APIs at the speed of business. F5 solutions are future-proof, enabling development teams to confidently pivot from one architecture to another. \n \n \n \n To complement and extend the security of above solutions, organizations can leverage the power of F5 Silverline Managed Services to protect their infrastructure against volumetric, DNS, and higher-level denial of service attacks. The Shape bot protection solutions can also be coupled to detect and thwart bots, including securing mobile access with its mobile SDK. 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