Load Balancing For Developers: Security and TCP Optimizations

It has been a while since I wrote a Load Balancing for Developers installment, and since they’re pretty popular and there’s still a lot about Application Delivery Controllers (ADCs) that are taken for granted in the Networking industry but relatively unknown in the development world, I thought I’d throw one out about making your security more resilient with ADCs.

For those who are just joining this series, here’s the full list of posts I’ve tagged as Load Balancing for Developers, though only the ones whose title starts with “Load Balancing for Developers” or “Advance Load Balancing for Developers” were actually written from this perspective, utilizing our fictional web application Zap’N’Go! as an example. This post, like most of them, doesn’t require that you read the other entries in the “Load Balancers for Developers” series, but if you’re interested in the topic, they are all written from the developer’s perspective, and only bring in the networking/ops portions where it makes sense.

So your organization has a truly successful web application called Zap’N’Go! That has taken the Internet by storm. Your hits are in the thousands an hour, and orders are rolling in. All was going well until your server couldn’t keep up and you went to a load balanced scenario so that multiple servers could share the load. The problem is that with the money you’ve generated off of Zap’N’Go, you’ve bought a competitor and started several new web applications, set up a forum or portal for your customers to communicate with you and each other directly, and are using the old datacenter from the company you purchased as a redundant datacenter in case the worst should happen. And all of that means that you are suffering server (and VM) sprawl. The CPU cycles being eaten up by your applications are truly astounding, and you’re looking into ways to drive them down. Virtualization helped you to be more agile in responding to the requests of the business, but also brings a lot of management overhead in making certain servers aren’t overloaded with too high a virtual density.

One of the cool bits about an ADC is that they do a lot more than load balance, and much of that can be utilized to improve application performance without re-architecting the entire system. While there are a lot of ways that an ADC can improve application performance, we’ll look at a couple of easy ones here, and leave some of the more difficult or involved ones for another time. That keeps me in writing topics, and makes certain that I can give each one the attention it deserves in the space available.

The biggest and most obvious improvement in an ADC is of course load balancing. This blog assumes you already have an ADC in place, and load balancing was your primary reason for purchasing it. While I don’t have market numbers in front of me, it is my experience that this is true of the vast majority of ADC customers. If you have overburdened web applications and have not looked into load balancing, before you go rewriting your entire system, take a look at the rest of this series. There really are options out there to help.

After that win, I think the biggest place – in a virtualized environment – that developers can reap benefits from an ADC is one that developers wouldn’t normally think of. That’s the reason for this series, so I suppose that would be a good thing. Nearly every application out there hits a point where SSL is enabled. That point may be simply the act of accessing it, or it may be when they go to the “shopping cart” section of the web site, but they all use SSL to protect sensitive user data being passed over the Internet. As a developer, you don’t have to care too much about this fact. Pay attention to the protocol if you’re writing at that level and to the ports if you have reason to, but beyond that you don’t have to care. Networking takes care of all of that for you.

But what if you could put a request in to your networking group that would greatly improve performance without changing a thing in your code and from a security perspective wouldn’t change much – most companies would see it as not changing anything, while a few will want to talk about it first? What if you could make this change over lunch and users wouldn’t know the difference?

Here’s the background. SSL Encryption is expensive in terms of CPU cycles. No doubt you know that, most developers have to face this issue head-on at some point. It takes a lot of power to do encryption, and while commodity hardware is now fast enough that it isn’t a problem on a stand-alone server, in a VM environment, the number of applications requesting SSL encryption on the same physical hardware is many times what it once was. That creates a burden that, at this time at least, often drags on the hardware. It’s not the fault of any one application or a rogue programmer, it is the summation of the burdens placed by each application requiring SSL translation.

One solution to this problem is to try and manage VM deployment such that encryption is only required on a couple of applications per physical server, but this is not a very appealing long-term solution as loads shift and priorities change. From a developers’ point of view, do you trust the systems/network teams to guarantee your application is not sharing hardware with a zillion applications that all require SSL encryption? Over time, this is not going to be their number one priority, and when performance troubles crop up, the first place that everyone looks in an in-house developed app is at the development team. We could argue whether that’s the right starting point or not, but it certainly is where we start.

Another, more generic solution is to take advantage of a non-development feature of your ADC. This feature is SSL termination. Since the ADC sits between your application and the Internet, you can tell your ADC to handle encryption for your application, and then not worry about it again. If your network team sets this up for all of your applications, then you have no worries that SSL is burning up your CPU cycles behind your back.

Is there a negative? A minor one that most organizations (as noted above) just won’t see as an issue. That is that from the ADC to your application, communications will happen in the clear. If your application is internal, this really isn’t a big deal at all. If you suspect a bad-guy on your internal network, you have much more to worry about than whether communications between two boxes are in the clear. If you application is in the cloud, this concern is more realistic, but in that case, SSL termination is limited in usefulness anyway because you can’t know if the other apps on the same hardware are utilizing it.

So you simply flick a switch on your ADC to turn on SSL termination, and then turn it off on your applications, and you have what the ADC industry calls “SSL offload”. If your ADC is purpose-built hardware (like our BIG-IP), then there is encryption hardware in the box and you don’t have to worry about the impact to the ADC of overloading it with SSL requests, it’s built to handle the load. If your ADC is software or a VM (like our BIG-IP LTM VE), then you’ll have to do a bit of testing to see what the tolerance level for SSL load is on the hardware you deployed it on – but you can ask the network staff to worry about all of that, once you’ve started the conversation.

Is this the only security-based performance boost you can get? No, but it is the easy one. Everything on the Internet remains encrypted, but your application is not burdening the server’s CPU with encryption requests each time communications in or out occur.

The other easy one is TCP optimizations. This one requires less talk because it is completely out of the realm of the developer. Simply put, TCP is a well designed protocol that sometimes gets bogged down communicating and has a lot of overhead in those situations. Turning on TCP optimizations in your ADC can reduce the overhead – more or less, depending upon what is on the other end of the communications network – and improve perceived performance, which honestly is one of the most important measures of web application availability. By making it seem to load faster, you’ve improved your customer experience, and nothing about your development has to change. TCP optimizations are not new, and thus the ones that are turned on when you activate the option on most ADCs are stable and won’t disrupt most applications. Of course you should run a short test cycle with them enabled, just to be certain, but I would be surprised if you saw any issues. They’re not unheard of, but they are very rare.

That’s enough for now, I think. I don’t want these to get so long that you wander off to develop some more. Keep doing what you do. And strive to keep your users from doing this.

Slow apps anger users

Published Apr 07, 2011
Version 1.0
  • Specifically, the hardware metrics are available for the following platforms: D35, D39, D40, D44, D45, D50, D51, D54.

     

     

    Also, the following platforms once supported hardware metrics, but currently this support has been disabled: F35, D25 and D30.

     

     

    Loc
  • Miguel, the cpu, fan, and power supply metrics are only available on the switch-based platforms. More than likely you are managing a Server Appliance BIG-IP. The different BIG-IP models can be found on our website http://www.f5.com/f5products/bigip/. The Application Switch models support these methods.

     

     

    -Joe
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One of the ways miscreants locate targets for mass SQL injection attacks that can leave your applications and data tainted with malware and malicious scripts is to simply seek out sites based on file extensions. Attackers know that .ASP and .PHP files are more often than not vulnerable to SQL injection attacks, and thus use Google and other search engines to seek out these target-rich environments by extension.

Using a non-standard extension will not eliminate the risk of being targeted by a mass SQL injection attack, but it can significantly reduce the possibility because your site will automatically turn up in cursory searches seeking vulnerable sites. As Jeremiah Grossman often points out, while cross-site scripting may be the most common vulnerability discovered in most sites, SQL injection is generally the most exploited vulnerability, probably due to the ease with which it can be discovered, so anything you can do to reduce that possibility is a step in the right direction.

You could, of course, embark on a tedious and time-consuming mission to rename all files such that they do not show up in a generic search. However, this requires much more than simply replacing file extensions as every reference to the files must also necessarily be adjusted lest you completely break your application. You may also be able to automatically handle the substitution and required mapping in the application server itself by modifying its configuration.

Alternatively there is another option: resource obfuscation. Using a network-side scripting technology like iRules or mod_rewrite, you have a great option at your disposal to thwart the automated discovery of potentially vulnerable applications.

HIDE FILE EXTENSIONS

You can implement network-side script functionality that simply presents to the outside world a different extension for all PHP and ASP files. While internally you are still serving up application.php  the user – whether search engine, spider, or legitimate user – sees application.zzz. The network-side script must be capable of replacing all instances of “.php” with “.zzz” in responses while interpreting all requests for “.zzz” as “.php” in order to ensure that the application continues to act properly.

The following iRule shows an example of both the substitution in the response and the replacement in the request to enable this functionality:

when HTTP_REQUEST { 

   # This replaces “.zzz” with \".php” in the URI
   HTTP::uri [string map {\".zzz\" \".php\"} [HTTP::uri]]
}

when HTTP_RESPONSE {

  STREAM::disable 

  If {[HTTP::header value \"Content-Type\"] contains \"text\" } {

    STREAM::expression \"@.php@.zzz@\"
    STREAM::enable

  }
}

One of the benefits of using a network-side script like this one to implement resource obfuscation is that in the event that the bad guys figure out what you’re doing, you can always change the mapping in a centralized location and it will immediately propagate across all your applications – without needing to change a thing on your servers or in your application.

HIDE YOUR SERVER INFORMATION

A second use of resource obfuscation is to hide the server information. Rather than let the world know you’re running on IIS or Apache version whatever with X and Y module extensions, consider changing the configuration to provide minimal – if any – information about the actual application infrastructure environment.

For Apache you can change this in httpd.conf:

ServerSignature Off
ServerTokens Prod

These settings prevent Apache from adding the “signature” at the bottom of pages that contains the server name and version information and changes the HTTP Server header to simply read “Apache”.

In IIS you can disable the Server header completely by setting the following registry key to “1”.

HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\HTTP\\Parameters\\DisableServerHeader 

If you’d rather change the IIS Server header instead of removing it, this KnowledgeBase Note describes how to use URLScan to achieve your goals.

If you’d like to change the HTTP Server header in a centralized location you can use mod_security or network-side scripting to manipulate the Server header. As with masking file extensions, a centralized location for managing the HTTP Server header can be beneficial in many ways, especially if there are a large number of servers on which you need to make configuration changes.

Using iRules, just replace the header with something else:

when HTTP_RESPONSE {
   HTTP::header replace Server new_value
}

Using mod_security you can set the SecServerSignature directive:

SecServerSignature \"My Custom Server Name\"

These techniques will not prevent your applications from being exploited nor do they provide any real security against an attack, but they can reduce the risk of being discovered and subsequently targeted by making it more difficult for miscreants to recognize your environment as one that may be vulnerable to attack. 

 

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One of the ways miscreants locate targets for mass SQL injection attacks that can leave your applications and data tainted with malware and malicious scripts is to simply seek out sites based on file extensions. Attackers know that .ASP and .PHP files are more often than not vulnerable to SQL injection attacks, and thus use Google and other search engines to seek out these target-rich environments by extension.

Using a non-standard extension will not eliminate the risk of being targeted by a mass SQL injection attack, but it can significantly reduce the possibility because your site will automatically turn up in cursory searches seeking vulnerable sites. As Jeremiah Grossman often points out, while cross-site scripting may be the most common vulnerability discovered in most sites, SQL injection is generally the most exploited vulnerability, probably due to the ease with which it can be discovered, so anything you can do to reduce that possibility is a step in the right direction.

You could, of course, embark on a tedious and time-consuming mission to rename all files such that they do not show up in a generic search. However, this requires much more than simply replacing file extensions as every reference to the files must also necessarily be adjusted lest you completely break your application. You may also be able to automatically handle the substitution and required mapping in the application server itself by modifying its configuration.

Alternatively there is another option: resource obfuscation. Using a network-side scripting technology like iRules or mod_rewrite, you have a great option at your disposal to thwart the automated discovery of potentially vulnerable applications.

HIDE FILE EXTENSIONS

You can implement network-side script functionality that simply presents to the outside world a different extension for all PHP and ASP files. While internally you are still serving up application.php  the user – whether search engine, spider, or legitimate user – sees application.zzz. The network-side script must be capable of replacing all instances of “.php” with “.zzz” in responses while interpreting all requests for “.zzz” as “.php” in order to ensure that the application continues to act properly.

The following iRule shows an example of both the substitution in the response and the replacement in the request to enable this functionality:

when HTTP_REQUEST { 

   # This replaces “.zzz” with \".php” in the URI
   HTTP::uri [string map {\".zzz\" \".php\"} [HTTP::uri]]
}

when HTTP_RESPONSE {

  STREAM::disable 

  If {[HTTP::header value \"Content-Type\"] contains \"text\" } {

    STREAM::expression \"@.php@.zzz@\"
    STREAM::enable

  }
}

One of the benefits of using a network-side script like this one to implement resource obfuscation is that in the event that the bad guys figure out what you’re doing, you can always change the mapping in a centralized location and it will immediately propagate across all your applications – without needing to change a thing on your servers or in your application.

HIDE YOUR SERVER INFORMATION

A second use of resource obfuscation is to hide the server information. Rather than let the world know you’re running on IIS or Apache version whatever with X and Y module extensions, consider changing the configuration to provide minimal – if any – information about the actual application infrastructure environment.

For Apache you can change this in httpd.conf:

ServerSignature Off
ServerTokens Prod

These settings prevent Apache from adding the “signature” at the bottom of pages that contains the server name and version information and changes the HTTP Server header to simply read “Apache”.

In IIS you can disable the Server header completely by setting the following registry key to “1”.

HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\HTTP\\Parameters\\DisableServerHeader 

If you’d rather change the IIS Server header instead of removing it, this KnowledgeBase Note describes how to use URLScan to achieve your goals.

If you’d like to change the HTTP Server header in a centralized location you can use mod_security or network-side scripting to manipulate the Server header. As with masking file extensions, a centralized location for managing the HTTP Server header can be beneficial in many ways, especially if there are a large number of servers on which you need to make configuration changes.

Using iRules, just replace the header with something else:

when HTTP_RESPONSE {
   HTTP::header replace Server new_value
}

Using mod_security you can set the SecServerSignature directive:

SecServerSignature \"My Custom Server Name\"

These techniques will not prevent your applications from being exploited nor do they provide any real security against an attack, but they can reduce the risk of being discovered and subsequently targeted by making it more difficult for miscreants to recognize your environment as one that may be vulnerable to attack. 

 

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Good for only allowing the headers you want to go through regardless of the backend web server.

 

\n

 

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