Demystifying iControl REST Part 3 - How to pass query parameters and tmsh options

iControl REST. It’s iControl SOAP’s baby, brother, introduced back in TMOS version 11.4 as an early access feature but released fully in version 11.5.

Several articles on basic usage have been written on iControl REST (see the resources at the bottom of this article) so the intent here isn’t basic use, but rather to demystify some of the finer details of using the API. The first article covered URI specifics, the second article discussed subcollections, and this third article will cover query parameters.

Query Parameter Definitions

F5 has documented a number of query parameters that can be passed into iControl ReST calls in order to modify their behavior. The first set follows the OData (open data protocol) standard. The filter parameter also supports several operators.

  • $filter
  • $select
  • $skip
  • $top

Yes, the dollar sign is important and necessary on these parameters. The operators you can use on these parameters are below. Note that the eq operator can only be used with the filter.

  • eq - equal
  • ne - not equal
  • lt - less than
  • le - less than or equal
  • gt - greater than
  • ge - greater than or equal
  • Logical Operators:
    • and
    • or
    • not

Beyond the OData parameters, there are a few custom parameters as well.

  • expandSubcollections - allows you to get the subcollection data in the initial request for objects that have subcollections.
  • options - allows you to add arguments to the tmsh equivalent command. An example will be shown below.
  • ver - This is for the specific TMOS version. Setting this parameter guarantees consistent behavior through code upgrades. Please note that the JSON return data for a number of calls has changed between the initial release in 11.5.0 and the current release. No items have been removed, but key/value pairs in the output have been added.

Note the lack of a dollar sign on the custom parameters.

Example #1 - Filter

Now that we have the parameters and operators defined, let’s take a look at some examples. First, we’ll take a look at the $filter parameter. If you want to limit your results to a particular partition, your URL will look something like this:

https://172.16.44.128/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool?$filter=partition eq staging
https://172.16.44.128/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool?$filter=partition%20eq%20staging
https://172.16.44.128/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool?$filter=partition+eq+staging

As long as your client tool supports it, any of these formats will work, but the resulting selfLink reflects the latter format:

 

Example #2 - Select

I didn’t post the return data from example 1 because it’s a lot of data, even for a small set of returned results. Most of it is all the fields in a pool that are there and important, but default and not of as immediate importance as others. This is where the $select parameter comes in. If you just want to take a look at the name of the pool and say the load balancing mode, your URL will look like this (still filtering for the staging partition:)

https://172.16.44.128/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool?$filter=partition+eq+staging&$select=name,loadBalancingMode

This results in a smaller subset of data limited to the fields we “selected"

items: [5]
0:  {
name: "sp1"
loadBalancingMode: "round-robin"
}-
1:  {
name: "sp2"
loadBalancingMode: "round-robin"
}-
2:  {
name: "sp3"
loadBalancingMode: "round-robin"
}

Example #3 - Top & Skip

For larger sets of data, you can page through the objects in chunks with $top and $skip. If $skip is not specified when $top is used, it behaves as though set to 0. Please note, however, that paging is restricted to collections and sub collections, so whereas this would work to page through the defined data groups, it would not work to page through the records of a data group. Let’s add the top parameter to our previous URL:

https://172.16.44.128/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool?$filter=partition eq staging&$select=name,loadBalancingMode&$top=2

#Results
{
kind: "tm:ltm:pool:poolcollectionstate"
selfLink: "https://localhost/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool?$filter=partition+eq+staging&$select=name%2CloadBalancingMode&$top=2&ver=12.0.0"
currentItemCount: 2
itemsPerPage: 2
pageIndex: 1
startIndex: 1
totalItems: 5
totalPages: 3
items: [2]
0:  {
name: "sp1"
loadBalancingMode: "round-robin"
}
-
1:  {
name: "sp2"
loadBalancingMode: "round-robin"
}
-
-
nextLink: "https://localhost/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool?$filter=partition+eq+staging&$select=name%2CloadBalancingMode&$top=2&$skip=2&ver=12.0.0"

So we got the same data back as before, only 2 items instead of the original 5, as well as some additional fields that weren’t there previously. Note that once $top is used, the key/value pairs “nextLink”, “currentItems”, and “totalItems” are added to the response. “nextLink” is the URI that will grab the next $top number of results from the query. If you parse this value and use it (once you have replaced the localhost with your actual host information), you will not have to perform any paging calculations. “currentItems” tells you how many items have been returned in the current call. If this value is less than $top, then you know you have reached the end of the items. “totalItems” tells you how many items would be returned if one did not page using $top.

Example #4 - Options

For this next example, we’ll start with tmsh. If you want to get the connections on the BIG-IP, you type “tmsh show sys conn” at the command line. This can be a very large set of data, however, so there are options on the command line to narrow this down, like cs-client-addr, cs-client-port, and so on. So a narrowed down request at the command line would look like “tmsh show sys conn cs-client-addr 10.0.0.1 cs-client-port 62223.” To translate this command to an API request, you need to use the options parameter

https://172.16.44.128/mgmt/tm/sys/connection?options=cs-server-addr+192.168.102.50+cs-server-port+80

#Results
{
kind: "tm:sys:connection:connectionstats"
selfLink: "https://localhost/mgmt/tm/sys/connection?options=cs-server-addr+192.168.102.50+cs-server-port+80&ver=11.6.0"
apiRawValues: {
apiAnonymous: "Sys::Connections 192.168.102.5:57359 192.168.102.50:80 192.168.102.5:57359 192.168.103.11:8080 tcp 2 (tmm: 1) none Total records returned: 1 "
}-
}

Example #5 - Expanding Subcollections

For our final example, we’ll use the expandSubcollections parameter. This is useful for querying objects like pools that have subcollections. Without the parameter specified, the pool data is returned with the specification that pool members is a subcollection, but doesn’t return the set of pool members. By providing the parameter, the pool members are returned along with the pool definition (only first one shown for brevity.)

https://172.16.44.128/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool/testpool?expandSubcollections=true

#Results
{
kind: "tm:ltm:pool:poolstate"
name: "testpool"
fullPath: "testpool"
generation: 1
selfLink: "https://localhost/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool/testpool?expandSubcollections=true&ver=11.6.0"
allowNat: "yes"
allowSnat: "yes"
ignorePersistedWeight: "disabled"
ipTosToClient: "pass-through"
ipTosToServer: "pass-through"
linkQosToClient: "pass-through"
linkQosToServer: "pass-through"
loadBalancingMode: "round-robin"
minActiveMembers: 0
minUpMembers: 0
minUpMembersAction: "failover"
minUpMembersChecking: "disabled"
queueDepthLimit: 0
queueOnConnectionLimit: "disabled"
queueTimeLimit: 0
reselectTries: 0
serviceDownAction: "none"
slowRampTime: 10
membersReference: {
link: "https://localhost/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool/~Common~testpool/members?ver=11.6.0"
isSubcollection: true
items: [7]
0:  {
kind: "tm:ltm:pool:members:membersstate"
name: "192.168.103.10:80"
partition: "Common"
fullPath: "/Common/192.168.103.10:80"
generation: 1
selfLink: "https://localhost/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool/~Common~testpool/members/~Common~192.168.103.10:80?ver=11.6.0"
address: "192.168.103.10"
connectionLimit: 0
dynamicRatio: 1
ephemeral: "false"
fqdn: {
autopopulate: "disabled"
}
...

Example #6 - Careful! Select Revisited

If you want to select just the name and address from the pool members in the previous example, it's not as simple as adding the $select=name,address to that query. Remember from the earlier article about your object/component/sub-component tiers. Instead, you need to specify the members subcollection in the URL, then attach your select parameter.

https://172.16.44.128/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool/testpool/members?$select=name,address
#Results
{
kind: "tm:ltm:pool:members:memberscollectionstate"
selfLink: "https://localhost/mgmt/tm/ltm/pool/testpool/members?$select=name%2Caddress&ver=11.6.0"
items: [7]
0:  {
name: "192.168.103.10:80"
address: "192.168.103.10"
}-
1:  {
name: "192.168.103.10:8080"
address: "192.168.103.10"
}-
2:  {
name: "192.168.103.11:80"
address: "192.168.103.11"
}
...

A Whiteboard Wednesday Shout Out to iControl REST

I’ve summarized a lot of what was covered in this article in the following Whiteboard Wednesday video. Enjoy!

Published Jul 09, 2015
Version 1.0

26 Comments

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1. Preliminary Information

TLS Session Resumption allows caching of TLS session information.

There are 2 kinds: stateful and stateless.

In stateful session resumption, BIG-IP stores TLS session information locally.

In stateless session resumption, such job is delegated to the client.

BIG-IP supports both stateful and stateless TLS session resumption.

Enabling stateful or stateless session resumption is just a matter of ticking/unticking a tickbox on LTM's Client SSL profile:

In this article, I'm going to walk through how session resumption works by performing a lab test.

Here's my topology:

Do not confuse Session Reuse/Resumption with Renegotiation. Renegotiation uses the same TCP connection to renegotiate security parameters which does not involved Session ID or Session Tickets. For more information please refer to SSL Legacy Renegotiation Secure Renegotiation.

2. How Stateful Session Resumption works

Capture usedssl-sample-session-ticket-disabled.pcap

2.1 New session

Stateful means BIG-IP will keep storing session information from as many clients its cache allows and TLS handshake will proceed as follows:

We can see above that Client sends an empty Session ID field and BIG-IP replies with a new Session ID (filter used: tcp.stream eq 0).

After that, full handshake proceeds normally where Certificate and Client Key Exchange are sent and there is also the additional cost CPU-wise to compute the keys:

2.2 Reusing Previous Session

Now both Client and Server have Session ID 56bcf9f6ea40ac1bbf05ff7fd209d423da9f96404103226c7f927ad7a2992433 stored in their TLS session cache.

The good thing about it is that in the next TLS connection request, client won't need to go through the full TLS handshake again.

Here's what we see:


Client just sends Session ID (56bcf9f6ea40ac1bbf05ff7fd209d423da9f96404103226c7f927ad7a2992433) it previously learnt from BIG-IP (via Server Hello from previous connection) on its Client Hello message. BIG-IP then confirms this session ID is in its SSL Session cache and they both go through what is known as abbreviated TLS handshake. No certificate or key information is exchanged during abbreviated TLS handshake and previously negotiated keys are re-used.

3. How Stateless Session Resumption works

Capture usedssl-sample-session-ticket-enabled-2.pcap

3.1 New Session

Because of the burden on BIG-IP that has to store one session per client, RFC5077 suggested a new way of doing session Resumption that offloads the burden of keeping all TLS session information to client and nothing else needs to be stored on BIG-IP.

Let's see the magic!

Client first signals it supports stateless session resumption by adding SessionTickets TLS extension to its Client Hello message (in green):

BIG-IP also signals back to client (in red) it supports SessionTicket TLS by adding empty SessionTicket TLS extension. Notice that Session ID is NOT used here!

The TLS handshake proceeds normally just like in stateful session resumption. However, just before handshake is completed (with Finished message), BIG-IP sends a new TLS message called New Session Ticket which consists of encrypted session information (e.g. master secret, cipher used, etc) where BIG-IP is able to decrypt later using a unique key it generates only for this purpose:

From this point on, client (10.199.3.135) keeps session ticket in its TLS cache until next time it needs to connect to the same server (assuming session ticket did not expire).

3.2 Reusing Previous Session

Now, when the same client wants to re-use previous session, it forwards the same session ticket above in SessionTicket TLS extension on its Client Hello message as seen below:

As we've noticed, Client also creates a new Session ID used for the following purpose:

PS: Such session ID is NOT stored on BIG-IP otherwise it would defeat the purpose of stateless session reuse. It is a one-off usage just to confirm to client BIG-IP accepted session ticket they sent and we're not going to generate new session keys.

In our example, BIG-IP successfully accepted and reused TLS session. We can confirm that an abbreviated TLS handshake took place and on Server Hello message BIG-IP replied back with same session ID client sent (to BIG-IP):

Now, client

This is session resumption in action and BIG-IP doesn't even have to store session information locally, making it a more scalable option when compared to stateful session resumption.

","body@stringLength":"10109","rawBody":"

1. Preliminary Information

TLS Session Resumption allows caching of TLS session information.

There are 2 kinds: stateful and stateless.

In stateful session resumption, BIG-IP stores TLS session information locally.

In stateless session resumption, such job is delegated to the client.

BIG-IP supports both stateful and stateless TLS session resumption.

Enabling stateful or stateless session resumption is just a matter of ticking/unticking a tickbox on LTM's Client SSL profile:

In this article, I'm going to walk through how session resumption works by performing a lab test.

Here's my topology:

Do not confuse Session Reuse/Resumption with Renegotiation. Renegotiation uses the same TCP connection to renegotiate security parameters which does not involved Session ID or Session Tickets. For more information please refer to SSL Legacy Renegotiation Secure Renegotiation.

2. How Stateful Session Resumption works

Capture usedssl-sample-session-ticket-disabled.pcap

2.1 New session

Stateful means BIG-IP will keep storing session information from as many clients its cache allows and TLS handshake will proceed as follows:

We can see above that Client sends an empty Session ID field and BIG-IP replies with a new Session ID (filter used: tcp.stream eq 0).

After that, full handshake proceeds normally where Certificate and Client Key Exchange are sent and there is also the additional cost CPU-wise to compute the keys:

2.2 Reusing Previous Session

Now both Client and Server have Session ID 56bcf9f6ea40ac1bbf05ff7fd209d423da9f96404103226c7f927ad7a2992433 stored in their TLS session cache.

The good thing about it is that in the next TLS connection request, client won't need to go through the full TLS handshake again.

Here's what we see:


Client just sends Session ID (56bcf9f6ea40ac1bbf05ff7fd209d423da9f96404103226c7f927ad7a2992433) it previously learnt from BIG-IP (via Server Hello from previous connection) on its Client Hello message. BIG-IP then confirms this session ID is in its SSL Session cache and they both go through what is known as abbreviated TLS handshake. No certificate or key information is exchanged during abbreviated TLS handshake and previously negotiated keys are re-used.

3. How Stateless Session Resumption works

Capture usedssl-sample-session-ticket-enabled-2.pcap

3.1 New Session

Because of the burden on BIG-IP that has to store one session per client, RFC5077 suggested a new way of doing session Resumption that offloads the burden of keeping all TLS session information to client and nothing else needs to be stored on BIG-IP.

Let's see the magic!

Client first signals it supports stateless session resumption by adding SessionTickets TLS extension to its Client Hello message (in green):

BIG-IP also signals back to client (in red) it supports SessionTicket TLS by adding empty SessionTicket TLS extension. Notice that Session ID is NOT used here!

The TLS handshake proceeds normally just like in stateful session resumption. However, just before handshake is completed (with Finished message), BIG-IP sends a new TLS message called New Session Ticket which consists of encrypted session information (e.g. master secret, cipher used, etc) where BIG-IP is able to decrypt later using a unique key it generates only for this purpose:

From this point on, client (10.199.3.135) keeps session ticket in its TLS cache until next time it needs to connect to the same server (assuming session ticket did not expire).

3.2 Reusing Previous Session

Now, when the same client wants to re-use previous session, it forwards the same session ticket above in SessionTicket TLS extension on its Client Hello message as seen below:

As we've noticed, Client also creates a new Session ID used for the following purpose:

PS: Such session ID is NOT stored on BIG-IP otherwise it would defeat the purpose of stateless session reuse. It is a one-off usage just to confirm to client BIG-IP accepted session ticket they sent and we're not going to generate new session keys.

In our example, BIG-IP successfully accepted and reused TLS session. We can confirm that an abbreviated TLS handshake took place and on Server Hello message BIG-IP replied back with same session ID client sent (to BIG-IP):

Now, client

This is session resumption in action and BIG-IP doesn't even have to store session information locally, making it a more scalable option when compared to stateful session resumption.

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Great article! Thank you 🙂

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Thank you! 🙂 

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Thank you!

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Thanks 

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