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©2024 F5, Inc. All rights reserved. If you are using Kubernetes in production, then you are likely using an ingress controller. The ingress controller is the core engine managing traffic entering and exiting the Kubernetes cluster. Because the ingress controller is a deployment running inside the cluster, how do you route traffic to the ingress controller? How do you route external traffic to internal Kubernetes Services?
\nCloud providers offer a simple convenient way to expose Kubernetes Services using an external load balancer. Simply deploy a Managed Kubernetes Service (EKS, GKE, AKS) and create a Kubernetes Service of type LoadBalancer. The cloud providers will host and deploy a load balancer providing a public IP address. External users can connect to Kubernetes Services using this public entry point.
\nHowever, this integration only applies to Managed Kubernetes Services hosted by cloud providers. If you are deploying Kubernetes in private cloud/on-prem environments, you will need to deploy your own load balancer and integrate it with the Kubernetes cluster. Furthermore, Kubernetes Load Balancing integrations in the cloud are limited to TCP Load Balancing and generally lack visibility into metrics, logs, and traces.
\nWe propose:
\nIn the solution depicted below, I deploy NGINX Plus as the external LB service for Kubernetes and route traffic to the NGINX Ingress Controller. The NGINX Ingress Controller will then route the traffic to the application backends. The NLK (NGINX Load Balancer for Kubernetes) deployment is a new controller by NGINX that monitors specified Kubernetes Services and sends API calls to manage upstream endpoints of the NGINX External Load Balancer
\n\nIn this article, I will deploy the components both inside the Kubernetes cluster and NGINX Plus as the external load balancer.
\n\n\nNote: I like to deploy both the NLK and Kubernetes cluster in the same subnet to avoid network issues. This is not a hard requirement.
\n
The blog assumes you have experience operating in Kubernetes environments. In addition, you have the following:
\nI start with deploying the back-end applications. You can deploy your own applications, or you can deploy our basic café application as an example.
\n$ kubectl apply –f cafe.yaml\n
Now I will configure routes and TLS settings for the ingress controller
\n$ kubectl apply –f cafe-secret.yaml\n
$ kubectl apply –f cafe-virtualserver.yaml
To ensure the ingress rules are successfully applied, you can examine the output of kubectl get vs.
\nThe VirtualServer definition should be in the Valid state.
\nNAMESPACE NAME STATE HOST IP PORTS \ndefault cafe-vs Valid cafe.example.com\n
A fresh install of NGINX Plus will provide the default.conf file in the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory. We will add two additional files into this directory. Simply copy the bulleted files into your /etc/nginx/conf.d directory
\nYou will also need to generate TLS cert/keys and place them in the /etc/ssl/nginx folder of the NGINX Plus instance. For the sake of this example, we will generate a self-signed certificate with openssl.
\n$ openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout default.key -out default.crt -subj \"/CN=NLK\"\n
\n\nNote: Using self-signed certificates is for testing purposes only. In a live production environment, we recommend using a secure vault that will hold your secrets and trusted CAs (Certificate Authorities).
\n
Now I can validate the configuration and reload nginx for the changes to take effect.
$ nginx –t\n$ nginx –s reload
I can now connect to the NGINX Plus dashboard by opening a browser and entering
http://<external-ip-nginx>:9000/dashboard.html#upstreams\n
The HTTP upstream table should be empty as we have not deployed the NLK Controller yet.
\nWe will do that in the next section.
You can install the NLK Controller as a Kubernetes deployment that will configure upstream endpoints for the external load balancer using the NGINX Plus API. First, we will create the NLK namespace
\n$ kubectl create ns nlk\n
And apply the RBAC settings for the NKL deployment
$ kubectl apply -f serviceaccount.yaml\n
$ kubectl apply -f clusterrole.yaml
$ kubectl apply -f clusterrolebinding.yaml
$ kubectl apply -f secret.yaml
The next step is to create a ConfigMap defining the API endpoint of the NGINX Plus external load balancer. The API endpoint is used by the NLK Controller to configure the NGINX Plus upstream endpoints. We simply modify the nginx-hosts field in the manifest from our GitHub repository to the IP address of the NGINX external load balancer.
\n![\"\"](\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjg4NzUtWjBNVVpD?image-dimensions=750x750&revision=4\")
nginx-hosts: \n\n http://<nginx-plus-external-ip>:9000/api
Apply the updated ConfigMap and deploy the NLK controller
$ kubectl apply –f nkl-configmap.yaml\n
$ kubectl apply –f nkl-deployment
I can verify the NLK controller deployment is running and the ConfigMap data is applied.
$ kubectl get pods –o wide –n nlk \t\n$ kubectl describe cm nginx-config –n nlk \t\t\n
\n
You should see the NLK deployment in status Running and the URL should be defined under nginx-hosts. The URL is the NGINX Plus API endpoint of the external load Balancer. Now that the NKL Controller is successfully deployed, the external load balancer is ready to route traffic to the cluster.
The final step is deploying a Kubernetes Service type NodePort to expose the Kubernetes cluster to NGINX Plus.
$ kubectl apply –f nodeport.yaml\n
There are a couple things to note about the NodePort Service manifest. Fields on line 7 and 14 are required for the NLK deployment to configure the external load balancer appropriately:
\t\t\n
![\"\"](\"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/images/bS0zMjg4NzUtYnBJc3J1?image-dimensions=750x750&revision=4\")
apiVersion: v1 \nkind: Service \nmetadata: \n name: nginx-ingress \n namespace: nginx-ingress \n annotations: \n nginxinc.io/nlk-cluster1-https: \"http\" # Must be added \nspec: \n type: NodePort \n ports: \n - port: 443 \n targetPort: 443 \n protocol: TCP \n name: nlk-cluster1-https \n selector: \n app: nginx-ingress
Once the service is applied, you can note down the assigned nodeport selecting the NGINX Ingress Controller deployment. In this example, that node port is 32222.
$ kubectl get svc –o wide –n nginx-ingress\n\t\t\nNAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP PORT(S) SELECTOR\n\nnginx-ingress NodePort x.x.x.x 443:32222/TCP app=nginx-ingress\n
If I reconnect to my NGINX Pus dashboard, the upstream tab should be populated with the worker node IPs of the Kubernetes cluster and matching the node port of the nginx-ingress Service (32222).
\n\nYou can list the node IPs of your cluster to make sure they match the IPs in the dashboard upstream tab.
\n $ kubectl get nodes -o wide | awk '{print $6}' \n\nINTERNAL-IP \n\n10.224.0.6 \n10.224.0.5 \n10.224.0.4Now I can connect to the Kubernetes application from our local machine. The hostname we used in our example (cafe.example.com) should resolve to the IP address of the NGINX Plus load balancer.
\nMost enterprises deploying Kubernetes in production will install an ingress controller. It is the DeFacto standard for application delivery in container orchestrators like Kubernetes. DevOps/NetOps engineers are now looking for guidance on how to scale out their Kubernetes footprint in the most efficient way possible. Because enterprises are embracing the hybrid approach, they will need to implement their own integrations outside of cloud providers.
The solution we propose:
In the next part of our series, I will dive into the third bullet point into much more detail and cover Zero Trust use cases with NGINX Plus, providing extra later of security in your hybrid model.
","body@stringLength":"14723","rawBody":"If you are using Kubernetes in production, then you are likely using an ingress controller. The ingress controller is the core engine managing traffic entering and exiting the Kubernetes cluster. Because the ingress controller is a deployment running inside the cluster, how do you route traffic to the ingress controller? How do you route external traffic to internal Kubernetes Services?
\nCloud providers offer a simple convenient way to expose Kubernetes Services using an external load balancer. Simply deploy a Managed Kubernetes Service (EKS, GKE, AKS) and create a Kubernetes Service of type LoadBalancer. The cloud providers will host and deploy a load balancer providing a public IP address. External users can connect to Kubernetes Services using this public entry point.
\nHowever, this integration only applies to Managed Kubernetes Services hosted by cloud providers. If you are deploying Kubernetes in private cloud/on-prem environments, you will need to deploy your own load balancer and integrate it with the Kubernetes cluster. Furthermore, Kubernetes Load Balancing integrations in the cloud are limited to TCP Load Balancing and generally lack visibility into metrics, logs, and traces.
\nWe propose:
\nIn the solution depicted below, I deploy NGINX Plus as the external LB service for Kubernetes and route traffic to the NGINX Ingress Controller. The NGINX Ingress Controller will then route the traffic to the application backends. The NLK (NGINX Load Balancer for Kubernetes) deployment is a new controller by NGINX that monitors specified Kubernetes Services and sends API calls to manage upstream endpoints of the NGINX External Load Balancer
\nIn this article, I will deploy the components both inside the Kubernetes cluster and NGINX Plus as the external load balancer.
\n\n\nNote: I like to deploy both the NLK and Kubernetes cluster in the same subnet to avoid network issues. This is not a hard requirement.
\n
The blog assumes you have experience operating in Kubernetes environments. In addition, you have the following:
\nI start with deploying the back-end applications. You can deploy your own applications, or you can deploy our basic café application as an example.
\n$ kubectl apply –f cafe.yaml\n
Now I will configure routes and TLS settings for the ingress controller
\n$ kubectl apply –f cafe-secret.yaml\n
$ kubectl apply –f cafe-virtualserver.yaml
To ensure the ingress rules are successfully applied, you can examine the output of kubectl get vs.
\nThe VirtualServer definition should be in the Valid state.
\n\n
A fresh install of NGINX Plus will provide the default.conf file in the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory. We will add two additional files into this directory. Simply copy the bulleted files into your /etc/nginx/conf.d directory
\nYou will also need to generate TLS cert/keys and place them in the /etc/ssl/nginx folder of the NGINX Plus instance. For the sake of this example, we will generate a self-signed certificate with openssl.
\n\n
\n\nNote: Using self-signed certificates is for testing purposes only. In a live production environment, we recommend using a secure vault that will hold your secrets and trusted CAs (Certificate Authorities).
\n
Now I can validate the configuration and reload nginx for the changes to take effect.
I can now connect to the NGINX Plus dashboard by opening a browser and entering
\n
The HTTP upstream table should be empty as we have not deployed the NLK Controller yet.
\nWe will do that in the next section.
You can install the NLK Controller as a Kubernetes deployment that will configure upstream endpoints for the external load balancer using the NGINX Plus API. First, we will create the NLK namespace
\n$ kubectl create ns nlk\n
And apply the RBAC settings for the NKL deployment
$ kubectl apply -f serviceaccount.yaml\n
$ kubectl apply -f clusterrole.yaml
$ kubectl apply -f clusterrolebinding.yaml
$ kubectl apply -f secret.yaml
The next step is to create a ConfigMap defining the API endpoint of the NGINX Plus external load balancer. The API endpoint is used by the NLK Controller to configure the NGINX Plus upstream endpoints. We simply modify the nginx-hosts field in the manifest from our GitHub repository to the IP address of the NGINX external load balancer.
\n
Apply the updated ConfigMap and deploy the NLK controller
$ kubectl apply –f nkl-configmap.yaml\n
$ kubectl apply –f nkl-deployment
I can verify the NLK controller deployment is running and the ConfigMap data is applied.
\t\t\n
\n
You should see the NLK deployment in status Running and the URL should be defined under nginx-hosts. The URL is the NGINX Plus API endpoint of the external load Balancer. Now that the NKL Controller is successfully deployed, the external load balancer is ready to route traffic to the cluster.
The final step is deploying a Kubernetes Service type NodePort to expose the Kubernetes cluster to NGINX Plus.
$ kubectl apply –f nodeport.yaml\n
There are a couple things to note about the NodePort Service manifest. Fields on line 7 and 14 are required for the NLK deployment to configure the external load balancer appropriately:
\t\t\n
Once the service is applied, you can note down the assigned nodeport selecting the NGINX Ingress Controller deployment. In this example, that node port is 32222.
\n
If I reconnect to my NGINX Pus dashboard, the upstream tab should be populated with the worker node IPs of the Kubernetes cluster and matching the node port of the nginx-ingress Service (32222).
\nYou can list the node IPs of your cluster to make sure they match the IPs in the dashboard upstream tab.
\nNow I can connect to the Kubernetes application from our local machine. The hostname we used in our example (cafe.example.com) should resolve to the IP address of the NGINX Plus load balancer.
\nMost enterprises deploying Kubernetes in production will install an ingress controller. It is the DeFacto standard for application delivery in container orchestrators like Kubernetes. DevOps/NetOps engineers are now looking for guidance on how to scale out their Kubernetes footprint in the most efficient way possible. Because enterprises are embracing the hybrid approach, they will need to implement their own integrations outside of cloud providers.
The solution we propose:
In the next part of our series, I will dive into the third bullet point into much more detail and cover Zero Trust use cases with NGINX Plus, providing extra later of security in your hybrid model.
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