Investigating the LTM TCP Profile: Congestion Control Algorithms
Introduction
The LTM TCP profile has over thirty settings that can be manipulated to enhance the experience between client and server. Because the TCP profile is applied to the virtual server, the flexibility exists to customize the stack (in both client & server directions) for every application delivered by the LTM. In this series, we will dive into several of the configurable options and discuss the pros and cons of their inclusion in delivering applications.
Quick aside for those unfamiliar with TCP: the transmission control protocol (layer 4) rides on top of the internet protocol (layer 3) and is responsible for establishing connections between clients and servers so data can be exchanged reliably between them.
Normal TCP communication consists of a client and a server, a 3-way handshake, reliable data exchange, and a four-way close. With the LTM as an intermediary in the client/server architecture, the session setup/teardown is duplicated, with the LTM playing the role of server to the client and client to the server. These sessions are completely independent, even though the LTM can duplicate the tcp source port over to the server side connection in most cases, and depending on your underlying network architecture, can also duplicate the source IP.
Definitions
cwnd -- congestion window; sender-side limitation on the amount of data that can be sent
rwnd -- receive window; receiver-side limitation on the amount of data that can be received
ssthresh -- slow start threshold; value at which tcp toggles between slow start and congestion avoidance
Flightsize -- sent amount of unacknowledged data
SMSS -- sender max segment size; largest segment the sender can transmit, based on MTU - overhead, path MTU discovery, or RMSS.
RMSS -- receiver max segment size; largest segment the receiver is willing to accept.
Congestion Control
In modern TCP implementations (Reno forward), the main congestion control mechanism consists of four algorithms: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recover. RFC 1122 required the first two (respectively), and the latter were introduced with BSD version 4.3, code name Reno. The tcp implementation (detailed in RFC 2851) in Reno has adopted that code name. New Reno introduces a slight modification to the fast recover algorithm in Reno in the absence of selective acknowledgements and is detailed in RFC 2852. Note that if selective acknowledgements are enabled in the profile, there will be no functional difference between Reno and New Reno. That said, the differences between Reno and New Reno (as defined in RFC 2852) are highlighted in the following table. The bold/italic print in the New Reno column below indicates the departure from the Reno standard.
Note that the New Reno fast recover algorithm implemented on the LTM is the careful variant of New Reno and is defined in RFC 3782. It's a little more complex and therefore isn't show above for clarity in distinguishing the differences between Reno and New Reno. The careful variant attempts to avoid unnecessary multiple fast retransmits that can occur after a timeout. All LTM version 9.x releases prior to 9.4 implement the careful variant of New Reno. Beginning in version 9.4, you can optionally select Reno, New Reno, High Speed, or Scalable. Highspeed is based on Reno, and Scalable is a variant of High Speed.
Congestion Window
During congestion avoidance, the congestion window is set differently among the available options:
Reno/New Reno
ACK ==> cwnd = cwnd + (1/cwnd)
LOSS ==> cwnd = cwnd - (cwnd/2)
High Speed
ACK ==> cwnd = cwnd + (a(cwnd)/cwnd)
LOSS ==> cwnd = cwnd - (cwnd * b(cwnd))
Scalable
ACK ==> cwnd = cwnd + .01
LOSS ==> cwnd = cwnd * 0.875
With Reno (or stock, standard, normal, etc) TCP, cwnd increases by one packet every round trip. When congestion is detected, cwnd is halved. For long fat networks, the optimal cwnd size could be 10000 packets. This means recovery will take at least 5000 round trips, and on a 100 ms link, that means a recovery time of 500 seconds (yeah, you read that right!). The goals of High Speed and Scalable are similar (Sustain high speeds without requiring unrealistically low loss rates, reach high speed quickly in slow start, recover from congestion without huge delays, fair treatment of standard TCP) but the approaches are different. The High Speed implementation alters cwnd up or down as a function of the size of the window. If cwnd is small, High Speed is switched off and behaves like Reno. Cwnd grows larger and shrinks smaller than with Reno. This results in better utilization (overall and early in a connection) on long fat networks. The Scalable implementation has a multiplicative increase, unlike Reno/New Reno and High Speed. It's loss recovery mechanism is independent of the congestion window and is therefore much quicker than normal (some studies show recovery as quick as 2.7 seconds even on gigabit links). The performance improvements with High Speed and Scalable can be huge for bulk transfers, perhaps doubled or greater. Throughput results (condensed from http://www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/monitoring/bulk/fast/) based on a transmit queue length of 100 and an MTU of 1500 are shown in the table below.
Throughput Results (condensed)
TCP Implementation
Mbps (after 80s)
Mbps (after 1000s)
Reno
56
128
Scalable
387
551
High Speed
881
913
Conclusion
Since the arrival of LTM version 9.4, you have been armed with the option to increase the performance of your TCP stack significantly, while maintaining compatibility with the standard implementations. Testing is always encouraged, as every scenario welcomes additional challenges that must be solved.
Good explanation of Reno vs. High Speed. I'd recommend anyone reading this to also look at Illinois and Woodside, especially if serving mobile clients
https://devcentral.f5.com/s/articles/f5-synthesis-trickle-up-performance
Hi Jason, what about another TCP congestion control algorithms like BIC and CUBIC? are they using in another profile for example in the wan-optimmization-profile?
Hi Diego, Yes, there are several algorithms available for you to select, and CUBIC is on the every changing list of options. For example, for the mctcp profile, the Illinois algorithm is default.
Hi yue_zheng1 I've updated the in-article navigation for this series in all the articles so you should be good to go now. Thanks for the heads up! It was an artifact of migration to the new platform early last years.
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the LTM TCP Profile: Congestion Control 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\n
Introduction
\n
\n
The LTM TCP profile has over thirty settings that can be manipulated to enhance the experience between client and server. Because the TCP profile is applied to the virtual server, the flexibility exists to customize the stack (in both client & server directions) for every application delivered by the LTM. In this series, we will dive into several of the configurable options and discuss the pros and cons of their inclusion in delivering applications.
Quick aside for those unfamiliar with TCP: the transmission control protocol (layer 4) rides on top of the internet protocol (layer 3) and is responsible for establishing connections between clients and servers so data can be exchanged reliably between them.
\n
Normal TCP communication consists of a client and a server, a 3-way handshake, reliable data exchange, and a four-way close. With the LTM as an intermediary in the client/server architecture, the session setup/teardown is duplicated, with the LTM playing the role of server to the client and client to the server. These sessions are completely independent, even though the LTM can duplicate the tcp source port over to the server side connection in most cases, and depending on your underlying network architecture, can also duplicate the source IP.
\n
Definitions
\n
\n
\n
\n
cwnd -- congestion window; sender-side limitation on the amount of data that can be sent
\n
rwnd -- receive window; receiver-side limitation on the amount of data that can be received
\n
ssthresh -- slow start threshold; value at which tcp toggles between slow start and congestion avoidance
\n
Flightsize -- sent amount of unacknowledged data
\n
SMSS -- sender max segment size; largest segment the sender can transmit, based on MTU - overhead, path MTU discovery, or RMSS.
\n
RMSS -- receiver max segment size; largest segment the receiver is willing to accept.
\n
\n
\n
\n
Congestion Control
\n
In modern TCP implementations (Reno forward), the main congestion control mechanism consists of four algorithms: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recover. RFC 1122 required the first two (respectively), and the latter were introduced with BSD version 4.3, code name Reno. The tcp implementation (detailed in RFC 2851) in Reno has adopted that code name. New Reno introduces a slight modification to the fast recover algorithm in Reno in the absence of selective acknowledgements and is detailed in RFC 2852. Note that if selective acknowledgements are enabled in the profile, there will be no functional difference between Reno and New Reno. That said, the differences between Reno and New Reno (as defined in RFC 2852) are highlighted in the following table. The bold/italic print in the New Reno column below indicates the departure from the Reno standard.
\n
\n
Note that the New Reno fast recover algorithm implemented on the LTM is the careful variant of New Reno and is defined in RFC 3782. It's a little more complex and therefore isn't show above for clarity in distinguishing the differences between Reno and New Reno. The careful variant attempts to avoid unnecessary multiple fast retransmits that can occur after a timeout. All LTM version 9.x releases prior to 9.4 implement the careful variant of New Reno. Beginning in version 9.4, you can optionally select Reno, New Reno, High Speed, or Scalable. Highspeed is based on Reno, and Scalable is a variant of High Speed.
\n
Congestion Window
\n
During congestion avoidance, the congestion window is set differently among the available options:
\n
\n
Reno/New Reno\n
\n
ACK ==> cwnd = cwnd + (1/cwnd)
\n
LOSS ==> cwnd = cwnd - (cwnd/2)
\n
\n
\n
High Speed\n
\n
ACK ==> cwnd = cwnd + (a(cwnd)/cwnd)
\n
LOSS ==> cwnd = cwnd - (cwnd * b(cwnd))
\n
\n
\n
Scalable\n
\n
ACK ==> cwnd = cwnd + .01
\n
LOSS ==> cwnd = cwnd * 0.875
\n
\n
\n
\n
With Reno (or stock, standard, normal, etc) TCP, cwnd increases by one packet every round trip. When congestion is detected, cwnd is halved. For long fat networks, the optimal cwnd size could be 10000 packets. This means recovery will take at least 5000 round trips, and on a 100 ms link, that means a recovery time of 500 seconds (yeah, you read that right!). The goals of High Speed and Scalable are similar (Sustain high speeds without requiring unrealistically low loss rates, reach high speed quickly in slow start, recover from congestion without huge delays, fair treatment of standard TCP) but the approaches are different. The High Speed implementation alters cwnd up or down as a function of the size of the window. If cwnd is small, High Speed is switched off and behaves like Reno. Cwnd grows larger and shrinks smaller than with Reno. This results in better utilization (overall and early in a connection) on long fat networks. The Scalable implementation has a multiplicative increase, unlike Reno/New Reno and High Speed. It's loss recovery mechanism is independent of the congestion window and is therefore much quicker than normal (some studies show recovery as quick as 2.7 seconds even on gigabit links). The performance improvements with High Speed and Scalable can be huge for bulk transfers, perhaps doubled or greater. Throughput results (condensed from http://www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/monitoring/bulk/fast/) based on a transmit queue length of 100 and an MTU of 1500 are shown in the table below.
\n
Throughput Results (condensed)
\n\n
\n
TCP Implementation
\n
Mbps (after 80s)
\n
Mbps (after 1000s)
\n
\n
\n
Reno
\n
56
\n
128
\n
\n
\n
Scalable
\n
387
\n
551
\n
\n
\n
High Speed
\n
881
\n
913
\n
\n\n
\n
Conclusion
\n
Since the arrival of LTM version 9.4, you have been armed with the option to increase the performance of your TCP stack significantly, while maintaining compatibility with the standard implementations. Testing is always encouraged, as every scenario welcomes additional challenges that must be solved.
","body@stringLength":"10952","rawBody":"
\n
Introduction
\n
\n
The LTM TCP profile has over thirty settings that can be manipulated to enhance the experience between client and server. Because the TCP profile is applied to the virtual server, the flexibility exists to customize the stack (in both client & server directions) for every application delivered by the LTM. In this series, we will dive into several of the configurable options and discuss the pros and cons of their inclusion in delivering applications.
Quick aside for those unfamiliar with TCP: the transmission control protocol (layer 4) rides on top of the internet protocol (layer 3) and is responsible for establishing connections between clients and servers so data can be exchanged reliably between them.
\n
Normal TCP communication consists of a client and a server, a 3-way handshake, reliable data exchange, and a four-way close. With the LTM as an intermediary in the client/server architecture, the session setup/teardown is duplicated, with the LTM playing the role of server to the client and client to the server. These sessions are completely independent, even though the LTM can duplicate the tcp source port over to the server side connection in most cases, and depending on your underlying network architecture, can also duplicate the source IP.
\n
Definitions
\n
\n
\n
\n
cwnd -- congestion window; sender-side limitation on the amount of data that can be sent
\n
rwnd -- receive window; receiver-side limitation on the amount of data that can be received
\n
ssthresh -- slow start threshold; value at which tcp toggles between slow start and congestion avoidance
\n
Flightsize -- sent amount of unacknowledged data
\n
SMSS -- sender max segment size; largest segment the sender can transmit, based on MTU - overhead, path MTU discovery, or RMSS.
\n
RMSS -- receiver max segment size; largest segment the receiver is willing to accept.
\n
\n
\n
\n
Congestion Control
\n
In modern TCP implementations (Reno forward), the main congestion control mechanism consists of four algorithms: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recover. RFC 1122 required the first two (respectively), and the latter were introduced with BSD version 4.3, code name Reno. The tcp implementation (detailed in RFC 2851) in Reno has adopted that code name. New Reno introduces a slight modification to the fast recover algorithm in Reno in the absence of selective acknowledgements and is detailed in RFC 2852. Note that if selective acknowledgements are enabled in the profile, there will be no functional difference between Reno and New Reno. That said, the differences between Reno and New Reno (as defined in RFC 2852) are highlighted in the following table. The bold/italic print in the New Reno column below indicates the departure from the Reno standard.
\n
\n
Note that the New Reno fast recover algorithm implemented on the LTM is the careful variant of New Reno and is defined in RFC 3782. It's a little more complex and therefore isn't show above for clarity in distinguishing the differences between Reno and New Reno. The careful variant attempts to avoid unnecessary multiple fast retransmits that can occur after a timeout. All LTM version 9.x releases prior to 9.4 implement the careful variant of New Reno. Beginning in version 9.4, you can optionally select Reno, New Reno, High Speed, or Scalable. Highspeed is based on Reno, and Scalable is a variant of High Speed.
\n
Congestion Window
\n
During congestion avoidance, the congestion window is set differently among the available options:
\n
\n
Reno/New Reno\n
\n
ACK ==> cwnd = cwnd + (1/cwnd)
\n
LOSS ==> cwnd = cwnd - (cwnd/2)
\n
\n
\n
High Speed\n
\n
ACK ==> cwnd = cwnd + (a(cwnd)/cwnd)
\n
LOSS ==> cwnd = cwnd - (cwnd * b(cwnd))
\n
\n
\n
Scalable\n
\n
ACK ==> cwnd = cwnd + .01
\n
LOSS ==> cwnd = cwnd * 0.875
\n
\n
\n
\n
With Reno (or stock, standard, normal, etc) TCP, cwnd increases by one packet every round trip. When congestion is detected, cwnd is halved. For long fat networks, the optimal cwnd size could be 10000 packets. This means recovery will take at least 5000 round trips, and on a 100 ms link, that means a recovery time of 500 seconds (yeah, you read that right!). The goals of High Speed and Scalable are similar (Sustain high speeds without requiring unrealistically low loss rates, reach high speed quickly in slow start, recover from congestion without huge delays, fair treatment of standard TCP) but the approaches are different. The High Speed implementation alters cwnd up or down as a function of the size of the window. If cwnd is small, High Speed is switched off and behaves like Reno. Cwnd grows larger and shrinks smaller than with Reno. This results in better utilization (overall and early in a connection) on long fat networks. The Scalable implementation has a multiplicative increase, unlike Reno/New Reno and High Speed. It's loss recovery mechanism is independent of the congestion window and is therefore much quicker than normal (some studies show recovery as quick as 2.7 seconds even on gigabit links). The performance improvements with High Speed and Scalable can be huge for bulk transfers, perhaps doubled or greater. Throughput results (condensed from http://www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/monitoring/bulk/fast/) based on a transmit queue length of 100 and an MTU of 1500 are shown in the table below.
\n
Throughput Results (condensed)
\n\n
\n
TCP Implementation
\n
Mbps (after 80s)
\n
Mbps (after 1000s)
\n
\n
\n
Reno
\n
56
\n
128
\n
\n
\n
Scalable
\n
387
\n
551
\n
\n
\n
High Speed
\n
881
\n
913
\n
\n\n
\n
Conclusion
\n
Since the arrival of LTM version 9.4, you have been armed with the option to increase the performance of your TCP stack significantly, while maintaining compatibility with the standard implementations. Testing is always encouraged, as every scenario welcomes additional challenges that must be solved.
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Investigating the LTM TCP Profile: Congestion Control Algorithms","moderationData":{"__ref":"ModerationData:moderation_data:288066"},"body":"Jason, just wanted to point out for the benefit of others that the Reno related RFCs are actually 2581 and 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Investigating the LTM TCP Profile: Congestion Control Algorithms","moderationData":{"__ref":"ModerationData:moderation_data:288067"},"body":"Good explanation of Reno vs. High Speed. I'd recommend anyone reading this to also look at Illinois and Woodside, especially if serving mobile clients\n\nhttps://devcentral.f5.com/s/articles/f5-synthesis-trickle-up-performance","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":false,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":false,\"removeTocMarkup\":false,\"truncateLength\":200})@stringLength":"203","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"postTime":"2015-07-15T00:50:37.000-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2015-07-15T00:50:37.000-07:00","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":516},"visibilityScope":"PUBLIC","placeholder":false,"originalMessageForPlaceholder":null,"entityType":"TKB_REPLY","eventPath":"category:Articles/community:zihoc95639board:TechnicalArticles/message:288065/message:288067","replies":{"__typename":"MessageConnection","pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null},"edges":[]},"customFields":[],"attachments":{"__typename":"AttachmentConnection","edges":[],"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"Rank:rank:47":{"__typename":"Rank","id":"rank:47","position":3,"name":"Historic F5 Account","color":"949494","icon":null,"rankStyle":"OUTLINE"},"User:user:270602":{"__typename":"User","id":"user:270602","uid":270602,"login":"Diego_Arguello1","biography":null,"registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null,"registrationTime":"2009-12-22T00:00:00.000-08:00"},"deleted":false,"email":"","avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://community.f5.com/t5/s/zihoc95639/m_assets/avatars/default/avatar-2.svg?time=0"},"rank":{"__ref":"Rank:rank:47"},"entityType":"USER","eventPath":"community:zihoc95639/user:270602"},"ModerationData:moderation_data:288068":{"__typename":"ModerationData","id":"moderation_data:288068","status":"APPROVED","rejectReason":null,"isReportedAbuse":false,"rejectUser":null,"rejectTime":null,"rejectActorType":null},"TkbReplyMessage:message:288068":{"__typename":"TkbReplyMessage","author":{"__ref":"User:user:270602"},"id":"message:288068","revisionNum":1,"uid":288068,"depth":1,"hasGivenKudo":false,"subscribed":false,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"parent":{"__ref":"TkbTopicMessage:message:288065"},"conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:288065"},"subject":"Re: Investigating the LTM TCP Profile: Congestion Control Algorithms","moderationData":{"__ref":"ModerationData:moderation_data:288068"},"body":"Hi Jason, what about another TCP congestion control algorithms like BIC and CUBIC? are they using in another profile for example in the wan-optimmization-profile?","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":false,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":false,\"removeTocMarkup\":false,\"truncateLength\":200})@stringLength":"162","kudosSumWeight":0,"repliesCount":0,"postTime":"2016-04-22T16:19:00.000-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2016-04-22T16:19:00.000-07:00","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":512},"visibilityScope":"PUBLIC","placeholder":false,"originalMessageForPlaceholder":null,"entityType":"TKB_REPLY","eventPath":"category:Articles/community:zihoc95639board:TechnicalArticles/message:288065/message:288068","replies":{"__typename":"MessageConnection","pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null},"edges":[]},"customFields":[],"attachments":{"__typename":"AttachmentConnection","edges":[],"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}}},"ModerationData:moderation_data:288069":{"__typename":"ModerationData","id":"moderation_data:288069","status":"APPROVED","rejectReason":null,"isReportedAbuse":false,"rejectUser":null,"rejectTime":null,"rejectActorType":null},"TkbReplyMessage:message:288069":{"__typename":"TkbReplyMessage","author":{"__ref":"User:user:51154"},"id":"message:288069","revisionNum":1,"uid":288069,"depth":1,"hasGivenKudo":false,"subscribed":false,"board":{"__ref":"Tkb:board:TechnicalArticles"},"parent":{"__ref":"TkbTopicMessage:message:288065"},"conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:288065"},"subject":"Re: Investigating the LTM TCP Profile: Congestion Control Algorithms","moderationData":{"__ref":"ModerationData:moderation_data:288069"},"body":"
Hi Diego, Yes, there are several algorithms available for you to select, and CUBIC is on the every changing list of options. For example, for the mctcp profile, the Illinois algorithm is default.
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HI JRahmMany link pages have become invalid ,Can it be restored
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Hi yue_zheng1 I've updated the in-article navigation for this series in all the articles so you should be good to go now. Thanks for the heads up! It was an artifact of migration to the new platform early last years.
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